Course Objectives To introduce students to the basic rules of the Arabic language. To bring students to a level where they can write correctly in Arabic. To provide an overview of linguistic and literary heritage. Course Content The Origin and Evolution of the Arabic Language The Impact of the Quran on Its Consolidation and Spread Definition of Language and Theories of Origin Functions of Language Semantic Aspects of the Arabic Language Grammar - Review of Some Grammatical Topics Spelling - Hamza at the Beginning of the Word Hamzat al-Wasl and Hamzat al-Qat' Medial Hamza Open and Closed Taa Adverbial Phrase and Exception Number Specification Literary Beauty - Quranic Texts and Literary Texts Scientific Literary Text

Course Objectives To introduce students to some Shariah (Islamic law) concepts they may encounter in their academic and professional journey. To clarify some Shariah guidelines for managing finances. To provide the Shariah and jurisprudential opinion on certain financial institutions. Course Content Money: Definition and Types Bribery Usury (Riba) Interest Banks Loans Deposits Insurance Shariah Guidelines Mudarabah (Profit-sharing) Murabaha (Cost-plus Financing) Companies and the Difference between Companies and Partnerships Commercial Contracts and Istisna (Manufacturing Contracts): Definition and Differences Shariah Guidelines for Managing Finances and the General Objectives of These Guidelines

Course Objectives • To equip the student with the following skills: Reading Writing Listening Interpreting meaning accurately Course Content - Economics Definition of economics History of economics - Libya – the Economy - Pronouns - Pronouns مكمل للموضوع السابق - Verbs and Tenses English Tenses - Verbs and Tenses English Tenses مكمل للموضوع السابق - Be, have and do - Like (+verb+ing) - Passive Present simple passive Past simple passive - Passive Present simple passive Past simple passive مكمل للموضوع السابق - Modals The Forms and Uses of Modal Auxiliaries - Polite Request with Would - Expressing Necessity Must-Have to-Have got to - Adjectives Comparative adjective Superlative adjective

Course Objectives This course aims to provide students with an important understanding of the parts of speech. This course aims to enhance students' reading skills and increase their mental vocabulary of words and linguistic structures. This course aims to train students in listening and comprehending oral excerpts through listening to recorded passages that suit their levels. This course aims to help students practice using the language appropriately according to their different levels. Course Content - Banks New style Old style - Computer What is computer - Communication Technology - Communication Technology مكمل للموضوع السابق - Nouns Proper nouns Common nouns - Nouns Proper nouns Common nouns مكمل للموضوع السابق - Articles - Prepositions - Auxiliary Verbs - Auxiliary Verbs مكمل للموضوع السابق - Punctuation - Be going to - The infinitive - Adverb

Course Objectives To provide students with scientific knowledge about computers in terms of components and capabilities. To utilize it in all fields for problem-solving and analysis methods. To be familiar with software and its types. To be successful in working in a computer-related profession. Course Content Introduction to computers, input and output components Arithmetic and logic unit, control unit, storage units in the computer Hard and floppy disks Number representation systems Registers Memory Logic gates Equation representation Introduction to software Files and their types Programming languages Software development stages Steps for problem analysis using computers Data and information

Course Objectives Aiming to present legal theory and the theory of rights in a comprehensive and clear manner. To build and develop the student's legal mentality. To explore the basic principles and concepts of law such as general theories and principles. Course Content Definition of law, characteristics of legal rules, and their terminologies Divisions of law and the general foundations of dividing into public and private law, and their branches Sources of law, with legislation being the most important source of law in the world Custom as a source of law: its concept, pillars, and effects Application of the law concerning persons, place, and time The issue of conflict of laws over time and the stance of Libyan legislation Interpretation of law: its types, distinctions among them, and cases of interpretation Concept of rights, their characteristics, and their pillars Beginning of legal personality and capacity Object of the right: things and actions Non-financial rights: political and familial Financial rights: original real rights and accessory real rights Proof of rights: writing, official documents, and customary documents Sources of rights and causes of their termination

This course aims to introduce the student to the concepts and foundations of economics, the theories of demand and supply, market mechanisms, types and forms of elasticity, as well as utility and indifference curves, the concept of production costs, and the characteristics of perfect competition and monopoly markets. The main topics of this course include: general economic concepts; economic systems; basics of demand, supply, and equilibrium price; changes in demand and supply; elasticity of demand and supply; intervention in demand and supply; theory of value and its evolution; demand and utility - diminishing marginal utility - substitution and income effects; indifference curves - budget line; supply and production costs; perfect competition market; monopoly; monopolistic competition market; oligopoly.

This course aims to introduce students to some fundamental concepts in economics in general and macroeconomics in particular, the economic sectors constituting the macroeconomy, and the circular flow model of income. It also covers some macroeconomic issues and topics such as economic stability, inflation, and unemployment, as well as providing basic knowledge in the fields of money and banking, economic growth and development, and international trade. The main topics of this course include: Introduction to macroeconomics Macroeconomics in economic thought Economic activity of society – basic concepts in national accounts Economic sectors constituting the macroeconomy The concept of the circular flow model of income Macroeconomic variables and their relationship to national income (consumption – savings – investment) Basic concepts of aggregate demand and aggregate supply Introduction to achieving equilibrium in macroeconomics (equilibrium income and its basic concepts) Macroeconomic issues and topics (economic stability issues) Macroeconomic issues and topics (the concept of inflation and its effects) Macroeconomic issues and topics (the concept of unemployment and its types) Basic concepts of money and the banking system Basic concepts of economic growth and economic development Basic concepts of international trade and its theories

Course Objectives Introducing the science of management, its importance, and the need for it. Understanding the historical development of managerial thought and its different schools. Learning about the functions of management (planning, organizing, coordinating and directing, controlling). Learning about the functions of the organization (human resources management, marketing management, production management, financial management, management information systems). Course Content The concept of management and its importance Historical development of managerial thought Planning Decision making Organizing Coordinating Administrative leadership Motivation and incentives Administrative communications Controlling Human resources management Marketing management Production management Management information systems

Course Objectives Shedding light on goal setting. Learning how to make administrative decisions. Understanding the foundations of scientific management and management by objectives. Focusing on quantitative methods in management. Learning about management in an international environment. Understanding the ethical and social responsibility of management. Course Content Goal setting Goal setting (continued) Decision making Decision making (continued) Scientific management Scientific management (continued) Management by objectives Management by objectives (continued) Quantitative methods in management Quantitative methods in management (continued) Management in an international environment Management in an international environment (continued) Ethical responsibility Ethical responsibility (continued)

Definition of Accounting, Principles, and Assumptions Governing It, Accounting Cycle, Balance Equation, Basics of Double-Entry Bookkeeping, Distinguishing Between Debtors and Creditors, Determining the Impact of Transactions on the Balance Equation, Recording and Posting Entries in Accounting Books, Preparing Trial Balance, and Preparing Financial Statements (Income Statement and Balance Sheet), Discovering and Correcting Accounting Errors. Course Topics: Basic Accounting Concepts Fundamentals of Transaction Analysis Accounting Cycle and Balance Equation Recording Financial Transactions in the Journal Accounting Treatment of Financing and Capital Transactions Accounting Treatment of Merchandise Transactions (Purchasing) Accounting Treatment of Merchandise Transactions (Selling) Discounts and Their Types General Ledger (Posting and Balancing Accounts) Trial Balance Final Accounts and Financial Statements (Trading Account, Profit and Loss Account, Balance Sheet) Final Accounts and Financial Statements (Trading Account, Profit and Loss Account, Balance Sheet) Continued Final Accounts and Financial Statements (Income Statement) Errors in Accounting Books and Methods of Correcting Them

The student will learn the reasons for the need for adjusting entries, understand how to prepare adjusting entries in various methods, recall the importance of accounting principles and assumptions and their impact on the adjustment process, and explain the reason for the balance (or imbalance) of the adjustment list and the balance sheet. Course Topics: Inventory of Expenses and Revenues: Accrued Expenses, Prepaid Expenses, Unearned Revenues. Inventory of Fixed Assets: Cost of Fixed Asset, Methods of Depreciation Calculation and Its Accounting Treatment, Disposal of Fixed Asset. Inventory of Fixed Assets: Cost of Fixed Asset, Methods of Depreciation Calculation and Its Accounting Treatment, Disposal of Fixed Asset (Continued). Inventory of Merchandise: Definition of Merchandise Inventory, Methods of Inventory Valuation (FIFO, LIFO, Average Cost). Inventory Systems: (Periodic Inventory System, Perpetual Inventory System), Valuation of Inventory at Cost or Market, Whichever is Lower. Inventory of Personal Receivables: Identification and Classification of Personal Receivables, Accounting Treatment of Bad Debts and Doubtful Debts, Treatment of Allowances at the End of the Accounting Period. Inventory of Cash and Bank: (Accounting Treatment of Cash Shortages or Surpluses, Preparation of Bank Reconciliation Statement). Inventory of Securities (Stocks and Bonds). Inventory of Commercial Papers (Different Cases of Commercial Papers). Inventory of Liabilities: Capital, Creditors, Notes Payable, Loans. Adjustment List, Preparation of Financial Statements, and Closing and Opening Entries. Adjustment List, Preparation of Financial Statements, and Closing and Opening Entries (Continued). Auxiliary Books: (Auxiliary Journals, Auxiliary Ledgers), Accounting Methods: (Italian Method, English Method, French Method, American Method). Auxiliary Books: (Auxiliary Journals, Auxiliary Ledgers), Accounting Methods: (Italian Method, English Method, French Method, American Method) (Continued).

Course Objectives To provide the student with basic information on the emergence of statistics and its relationship with other sciences. To familiarize the student with the steps of statistical research and data collection methods. To introduce the student to the most important statistical measures. To acquaint the student with variables and their types, as well as simple linear regression equations, how to calculate them, and multiple linear regression. Course Content Introduction to Statistics Data Classification and Graphical Representation Data Classification and Graphical Representation (Continuation of the previous topic) Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Central Tendency (Continuation of the previous topic) Measures of Central Tendency (Continuation of the previous topic) Measures of Dispersion Measures of Dispersion (Continuation of the previous topic) Moments and Measures of Skewness and Kurtosis Moments and Measures of Skewness and Kurtosis (Continuation of the previous topic) Moments and Measures of Skewness and Kurtosis (Continuation of the previous topic) Correlation and Simple Linear Regression Correlation and Simple Linear Regression (Continuation of the previous topic) Probability Theory

Course Objectives The course aims to introduce the student to the principles and rules of probabilities and their theories, and how to utilize analytical statistics in various fields. The student will learn how to apply analytical statistics and its applications, its relationship with mathematical principles, and how to interpret the significance of numbers in statistical science. The student will understand the importance of statistics in practical reality and its alignment with scientific developments. Course Content Random Variables and Their Probability Distribution Random Variables and Their Probability Distribution (Continuation of the previous topic) Some Important Discrete Probability Distributions Some Important Discrete Probability Distributions (Continuation of the previous topic) Some Important Continuous Probability Distributions Some Important Continuous Probability Distributions (Continuation of the previous topic) Sampling Distribution Sampling Distribution (Continuation of the previous topic) Sampling Distribution (Continuation of the previous topic) Estimation Theory Estimation Theory (Continuation of the previous topic) Estimation Theory (Continuation of the previous topic) Hypothesis Testing Theory Hypothesis Testing Theory (Continuation of the previous topic)

Course Objectives To introduce the student to the basic concepts of mathematical analysis. To acquaint the student with functions and their types, which are useful for the study of economic sciences. To introduce the student to differentiation (derivatives) and its applications. To introduce the student to the integration of functions and the study of sequences and series. Course Content Basic Concepts in Mathematical Analysis Functions Limits Introduction to Differentiation (First Derivative), Theories in Differentiation Implicit Differentiation, Higher-Order Differentiation Increasing and Decreasing Functions, Maximum and Minimum Values Mean Value Theorem, Rolle's Theorem Introduction to Indefinite Integration, Methods of Indefinite Integration Methods of Indefinite Integration (Continuation of the previous topic) Definite Integration and Its Applications Definite Integration and Its Applications (Continuation of the previous topic) Sequences Tests for Convergence and Divergence Series

Course Objectives To introduce the student to the basic concepts of mathematical analysis. To acquaint the student with matrices and their types, which are useful for the study of economic sciences. To introduce the student to linear equations and methods of solving them. To introduce the student to definite integration and its economic applications. Course Content General Concepts Matrices Elementary Operations on Matrices Determinants Matrix Inverse and Properties of the Inverse Matrix Inverse and Properties of the Inverse (Continuation of the previous topic) Matrix Rank and Eigenvalues Matrix Rank and Eigenvalues (Continuation of the previous topic) Linear Equations and Methods of Solving Them Linear Equations and Methods of Solving Them (Continuation of the previous topic) Linear Equations and Methods of Solving Them (Continuation of the previous topic) Definite Integration and Its Economic Applications Definite Integration and Its Economic Applications (Continuation of the previous topic) Definite Integration and Its Economic Applications

Course Objectives To introduce the subject of political science fundamentals and the nature of politics. To explain to the student the most important fields related to political science. To clarify what a state is, what it consists of, and its main elements. To enable the student to learn about the policies of some countries through the events they have experienced. Course Content Introduction to Political Science Political Science as an Evolving Field The Relationship of Political Science with Other Fields (Continuation of the previous topic) The State (Its Concept / Elements / Forms / Origin) Types of States in Terms of International Status and Integration Political Parties Civil Society Exercise of Power Political Socialization / Its Definition / Main Channels Political Systems / Presidential / Parliamentary / Dual System The Constitution and the Political System (Continuation of the previous topic) Foreign Policy International Organization Review of Lectures / Presentation of Work Papers

Course Objectives To introduce the student to public administration as a scientific and practical concept. To understand the concept of general and specific environments and their relationship with the organizational structure within the organization. To clarify the role of public administration and the services it provides within the institutional framework of the state. To introduce the most prominent theories in the field of public administration. Course Content The Nature of Public Administration The Nature and Characteristics of Public Administration The Relationship of Public Administration with Other Sciences Public Administration and Bureaucracy Theory Contemporary Political Systems and Public Administration Contemporary Political Systems and Public Administration (Continuation of the previous topic) Centralization: Its Concept, How to Achieve It, Factors, and Reasons for Adopting It Decentralization: Its Concept, How to Achieve It, Factors, and Reasons for Adopting It Planning and Public Plans Planning and Public Plans (Continuation of the previous topic) Administrative Organization: Its Concept, Importance, and Elements Principles of Administrative Organization Monitoring the Performance of Public Administration: Its Concept, Components, and Objectives Types of Monitoring: Internal and External Monitoring

Introduction to the student to the concepts and foundations related to finance, studying liquidity, profitability, cash flow, and the time value of money. Familiarizing the student with sources of short-term, medium-term, and long-term funds and financial instruments. Understanding the measurement of the cost of short-term, medium-term, and long-term funds. Course Content The Nature of Finance: Finance Function, Principles, and Objectives of the Enterprise The Role of Financial Management in Financial Decision-Making Finance as a Field of Knowledge and Its Relationship with Other Sciences Sources of Finance: Characteristics and Financial Instruments Sources of Finance: Characteristics and Financial Instruments (Continuation of the previous topic) Financial Instruments and Other Sources of Finance The Time Value of Money Sources of Short-Term Finance Sources of Short-Term Finance (Continuation of the previous topic) Sources of Medium-Term Finance Sources of Medium-Term Finance (Continuation of the previous topic) Sources of Long-Term Finance Sources of Long-Term Finance (Continuation of the previous topic) The Cost of Funds and Its Impact on the Financial Structure

Course Objective To enable students to understand the main concepts and components of investment and its importance in the national economy, the concept and types of economic feasibility studies for investment, and the methods and techniques used in analyzing financial investment tools (stocks and bonds). To familiarize students with the investment instruments traded in financial markets, as well as the returns and risks of investment and methods of measuring them and the sources of investment risks. To introduce students to investment portfolios and financial derivatives, their types, and the advantages and risks of dealing with financial derivatives. Course Content Definition of Investment, Importance of Investment, Principles and Types of Investment, and Investment Determinants Economic Feasibility Study for Investment (Concept of Feasibility Study and Types of Economic Feasibility Study) Investment Decisions (Types of Investment Decisions and Fundamental Components of Investment Decisions) Investment Risks (Definition of Investment Risks, Measurement of Investment Risks, Types of Investment Risks, Sources of Investment Risks) Investment Risks (Definition of Investment Risks, Measurement of Investment Risks, Types of Investment Risks, Sources of Investment Risks) Investment Tools (Securities, Real Estate, Commodities, and Economic Projects) Investment Tools (Foreign Currencies, Precious Metals, and Investment Funds) Investment Portfolios (Definition of Investment Portfolio, Optimal Portfolio, and Using the Principle of Diversification to Reduce Portfolio Risk) Investment Portfolios (Definition of Investment Portfolio, Optimal Portfolio, and Using the Principle of Diversification to Reduce Portfolio Risk) Investment Portfolios (Using Beta Coefficient to Predict Portfolio Risk, Key Policies in Portfolio Management, and Principles of Measuring Portfolio Manager Performance) Investment Portfolios (Using Beta Coefficient to Predict Portfolio Risk, Key Policies in Portfolio Management, and Principles of Measuring Portfolio Manager Performance) Financial Markets (Concept of Financial Market, Efficient Financial Market, and Pillars of the Libyan Financial Market) Financial Markets (Types of Financial Markets) Financial Derivatives (Concept of Financial Derivatives, Advantages and Risks of Dealing with Financial Derivatives, and Types of Financial Derivatives)

Objective of the Course: Understanding the banking system, how it works, its importance, functions, and objectives. Gaining comprehensive knowledge of the basics of applying strategic management in banks. Understanding the policies related to the allocation of financial resources, liquidity management, and capital management. Understanding and analyzing the basic strategies for managing deposits, loans, and portfolios. Learning about control operations and evaluating the performance of banks. Course Contents: Commercial banks: their nature, importance, and types Financial statements of commercial banks Central banks and monetary policy The relationship between the central bank and commercial banks Strategy for deposit growth Lending policy Investment policy in securities Policy governing portfolio management Control over commercial banks Management and attraction of deposits Financial and intermediary banking institutions

Objective of the Course: To introduce students to the concepts and principles related to risk and insurance. To acquaint students with the factors, sources, and forms of risk, as well as the requirements and conditions that must be met for insurable risk. Additionally, to cover the basic concepts of insurance, its classifications, and functions. Course Contents: Risk: its concept Factors and sources of risk Forms of risk Requirements or conditions for insurable risk Risk measurement Methods of dealing with risks Classifications of risks Basic concepts in insurance Importance and technical rules of insurance Components of the insurance policy Various classifications of insurance and the functions of insurance in general, and the functions of insurance companies in particular

Objective of the Course: To equip students with the necessary knowledge of the financial function in all its components. To help students understand how to plan and organize financial resources to achieve the institution's objectives by analyzing budgets and effectively allocating financial resources. To explain how to make decisions related to the provision and investment of financial resources, i.e., managing and investing these resources. To forecast financial needs (financial forecasting), and to learn how to estimate and analyze the financial performance of institutions and companies using various financial indicators. Course Contents: Basic concepts of financial management and the financial function, and the relationship of financial management to other fields of knowledge Financial planning and control, obtaining funds (financing), investing funds (asset management) Cash management (liquidity), its concept Internal cash flow and external cash flow The earning power of the company (profitability), its definition and elements Means of improving earning power Preparation of financial statements, income statement, and balance sheet Horizontal and vertical analysis of financial statements Analysis of the funds statement (sources and uses of funds), steps for preparing the funds statement Financial ratios as a tool for financial analysis, liquidity ratios, activity ratios, and profitability ratios Forecasting financial needs (financial forecasting) Working capital management (current assets) Evaluation of capital investments, methods of time value of money Budgeting as a tool for financial planning

Objective of the Course: To understand the concepts and principles underlying financial markets. To study and analyze financial institutions in terms of their concept, role, characteristics, and types. To recognize the importance of financial markets, especially long-term financial markets. To identify strengths, weaknesses, problems, solutions, and how to develop financial markets. Course Contents: The concept of the financial sector, its importance, and functions The nature, importance, and functions of financial markets Types of financial markets Direct and indirect investment tools in financial markets Intermediary financial institutions Organization and management of capital markets Rules and procedures for dealing in the securities market Financial indicators Analysis of economic conditions and industry conditions Technical analysis: its philosophy and tools

Objective of the Course: To introduce banking operations carried out by commercial and Islamic banks, and the alternative policies and strategies that contribute to achieving the objective for which the bank was established, as well as the importance of managing banking operations within the bank. Course Contents: Banking deposits, their growth, current accounts, and clearing Commercial papers Bank loans and credit records Management of the securities portfolio Management of trustee operations Liquidity management Liability management Documentary credits Letters of guarantee and bank transfers Foreign exchange operations Operations related to correspondence with foreign banks Electronic banking operations Developments in banking business

Objective of the Course: To introduce students to Islamic banks, their organizational principles, and the differences between Islamic banks and conventional usury-based banks. To remind students of the role of Islamic banks in reviving jurisprudence of transactions and to acquaint them with the financing tools used in Islamic banks. Course Contents: Definition and origin of Islamic banks Relationship of Islamic banks with the central bank Differences between Islamic banks and conventional banks Sharia and banking supervision in Islamic banks Balance sheet and sources of funds in Islamic banks Investment methods in Islamic banks Mudaraba contract Musharaka contract Murabaha contract Salam contract Istisna'a contract Profit distribution in Islamic banks Social activities of Islamic banks Obstacles and their solutions in Islamic banks

Objective of the Course: To understand the methods used in financial planning to estimate short-term financial needs in business companies, understand the methods used in financial planning to estimate long-term financial needs in business companies, learn how to manage working capital and make decisions related to identifying appropriate financing sources for the company, and analyze and study the cost of financing sources and how to calculate it. Course Contents: Financial management in companies and its relationship with the environment Sources of short-term financing Financing through common stocks, debt, and preferred stocks Investment decisions under uncertainty Financial planning: forecasting financial needs Financial planning: budget ratio to sales method Financial planning: cash budgeting and operating leverage Financial leverage and overall leverage Financial control: return on investment Report on sources and uses of funds Capital budgeting under certainty Dividend policy and valuation

Objective of the Course: To introduce students to the scientific principles and terminology of financial statements. To familiarize them with the objectives of financial analysis and how to conduct analytical operations, and to bring students to the stage of analysis and evaluation. Course Contents: Concept and objectives of financial analysis and the beneficiaries Financial statements (income statement and balance sheet) Financial statement analysis Cash flow statement analysis Financial planning and forecasting (percentage of sales approach) Growth approach (internal and sustainable) Break-even analysis and operating leverage Short-term financial position analysis Long-term financial position analysis and cost of financing Return on investment (return on assets and equity – DuPont system for ROI) Use of financial analysis in predicting financial failure

Objective of the Course: To introduce students to the concepts and principles of electronic banking operations, the role of information technology in developing banking services, to familiarize them with electronic banking services, the risks of electronic banking, and the methods of protecting electronic financial transactions. Course Contents: Origin and evolution of electronic banking Concept of electronic banks Traditional banking services vs. electronic banking services Marketing of banking services Electronic data interchange (EDI) Foundations of electronic banking Types of electronic banking services Electronic payment systems Risks of electronic banking Security of electronic banking Various issues in electronic banking

Objective of the Course: To introduce students to the concepts and scientific principles related to quantitative methods in finance. To acquaint students with the purpose of quantitative methods in finance and how to perform quantitative analysis and interpret results. To bring students to the stage of evaluation and analysis of information. Course Contents: Basic concepts in quantitative methods Basic concepts in quantitative methods in finance Types of data Simple linear regression Break-even analysis Working capital management Measurement of credit risks Avoiding financial failure risks Quantitative method for risk measurement Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)

Objective of the Course: To introduce students to the concepts and principles underlying portfolio management, how to predict portfolio risk using the beta coefficient, how to calculate the return and risk of the investment portfolio, and to familiarize students with the concept of portfolio theory and the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). Course Contents: Concept of portfolio management The nature of the optimal portfolio Using the principle of diversification to reduce portfolio risk Predicting portfolio risk using the beta coefficient Factors for the success of portfolio diversification policies Types of policies used in portfolio management Principles of measuring portfolio manager performance Return and risk of the investment portfolio Market risk and company-specific risk Expected return, actual return, and required return Concept of portfolio theory and the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) Concept of the beta coefficient and how to estimate it Security Market Line (SML) and Capital Market Line (CML) Financial market indicators and methods of constructing indices

Objective of the Course: To introduce students to the concepts and principles related to the analysis and evaluation of securities. To familiarize students with both original and derivative securities and the methods of evaluating securities traded in the capital market, as well as modern methods of evaluating securities. Course Contents: Introduction to investment Return and risk of individual financial assets Return and risk of the investment portfolio Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) Evaluation of investment proposals using criteria that consider the time value of money Fundamental analysis of securities Technical analysis of securities and Dow Jones theory Evaluation of common stocks Evaluation of preferred stocks Evaluation using the DuPont model Evaluation of bonds

Objective of the Course: To understand the conceptual framework for risk management support systems and the activation of future management elements (fundamentals, requirements, precautions), the basic concepts of risk management, to learn about financial failure prediction models, and how to manage risks according to Basel standards (quantitative measurement). Course Contents: Basic concepts of risk management for financial institutions Definition and objectives of risk management Terms and abbreviations Risk management methods, risk identification Risks faced by financial institutions (credit, liquidity, interest rate, market risks) Risks faced by financial institutions (operational risks, exchange rate risks, legal risks) Risk analysis Risk response Predictive models assisting in risk management Risk tracking and reporting Risk management process Risk management process flowchart, explaining the steps of the risk management process Risk management according to Basel standards (quantitative measurement) Roles and responsibilities

Objective of the Course: To understand the importance and necessity of foreign currencies in international trade. To highlight that managing foreign currencies requires skill and competence due to its importance. To teach students that dealing in foreign currencies is one of the most risky types of transactions for those without sufficient experience, and to clarify that foreign exchange transactions are no longer limited to specific institutions. Course Contents: Basic concepts of dealing in foreign exchange markets Foreign exchange theory Exchange rates and naming of foreign currency prices Spot transactions Cross rates Calculating cross rate trends Interaction between the money market and the currency market Money market (foreign exchange) Forward foreign exchange market Derivatives used in the foreign exchange market Monitoring foreign exchange transactions Risks of dealing in foreign currencies

Objective of the Course: To understand the concept and functions of financial derivatives management (financial engineering), to use scientific theories to study the growth of financial engineering and derivatives and their relationship to financial innovation, to learn strategies for analyzing financial engineering tools (derivatives), and to use scientific theories and mathematical models in evaluating derivatives and investment criteria. Course Contents: The nature of financial derivatives Risks of investing in financial derivatives The nature of options Pricing of option contracts Determining the profitability of both parties in a call option contract Determining the profitability of both parties in a put option contract Pricing call options using the Binomial Model Futures and forward contracts Using futures contracts in speculation Profitability of futures contracts Mechanism of margin trading in futures contracts Swap contracts

Objective of the Course: To understand the concepts and principles underlying the banking industry and the main Islamic financing methods. To introduce students to the method of financing using Islamic Sukuk and the key social responsibilities of Islamic banks. Course Contents: Discussion on Islamic financing and investment method using Murabaha Discussion on Islamic financing and investment method using Musharaka Discussion on Islamic financing and investment method using Mudaraba Discussion on Islamic financing and investment method using Istisna’a Discussion on Islamic financing and investment method using Tawarruq Discussion on Islamic financing and investment method using Ijara Discussion on Islamic financing and investment method using Salam sale Financial engineering Financial derivatives Real estate financing Islamic Sukuk Profit distribution in Islamic banks Social responsibility of Islamic banks Prospects of Islamic banking

Objective of the Course: To introduce students to the basic concepts of money and its theories, functions, and to enable them to understand banking operations related to commercial banks and the central bank. It also aims to familiarize students with the balance sheet of the monetary system, the components of the monetary base, and the meaning of money supply. Additionally, it enables them to study bank credit, bank deposits, and documentary credits in a specialized manner. Main Topics of the Course: Basic concepts of money and banking Theories of money (traditional monetary thought – Keynesian – contemporary) Types of money value and methods of measuring money Fiscal policy (types, tools, objectives) Monetary policy (concept, characteristics, types, tools) Banking operations (securities: buying/selling – transfers – clearing operations – balance sheets) Commercial banks (uses, money creation and collection through the banking system) Central bank (importance, functions, objectives, operations, balance sheet) Bank credit and its types Development of commercial banks in Libya and specialized banks Narrow money supply - broad money supply - money supply multiplier Bank deposits (development, types, influencing factors) Documentary credit (importance, characteristics, types, and associated risks) Cash and financial flows within the framework of the balance of payments

Objective of the Course: To introduce students to the meaning and components of financial statements and the difference between the accrual basis and the cash basis when recording various transactions. Additionally, to familiarize students with different types of financial statements such as the balance sheet and cash flow statements. To explain the concept of the time value of money, both present and future value, and the various items classified under current assets and how to handle inventory pricing. Course Contents: Theoretical framework of financial accounting Accounting on a cash basis and accrual basis Financial statements: income statement Financial statements: balance sheet and changes in equity Statement of retained earnings and cash flows Time value of money: present value Time value of money: future value Cash and petty cash fund Bank reconciliation statement Short-term investments in stocks and bonds Accounts receivable Notes receivable Inventory Inventory pricing methods

Objective of the Course: To introduce students to the concept of long-term investments, the differences between the various accounting methods for them, and the preparation of consolidated financial statements. To familiarize students with long-term and short-term liabilities, owners' equity, the accounting treatment for their different items, and accounting for errors in previous years and changes in the application of accounting policies. Course Contents: Accounting treatment of long-term investments in stocks Accounting treatment of long-term investments in stocks (continuation) Accounting treatment of long-term investments in bonds Accounting treatment of short-term liabilities Accounting treatment of short-term liabilities (continuation) Accounting treatment of long-term liabilities Accounting treatment of long-term liabilities (continuation) Accounting treatment of owners' equity Statement of changes in financial position on a cash basis Statement of changes in financial position based on working capital Accounting for changes in the application of accounting principles Accounting for lease contracts Impact of price changes on financial statements Impact of price changes on financial statements (continuation)

Objective of the Course: To introduce students to commercial banks, their characteristics, objectives, and sources and uses of funds in commercial banks. To explain and study the various operations that take place in the different technical departments of commercial banks and how they are accounted for. To explain and study the importance of final reports and financial statements in banks and how to prepare them. The course also aims to introduce insurance companies, types of insurance, and the accounting treatment related to various types of insurance. Course Contents: Introduction to commercial banks (their origin, characteristics, and structure of the Libyan banking system) Accounting treatment of operations in the departments of commercial banks: (current accounts department, treasury department) Accounting treatment of operations in the departments of commercial banks: (deposits and savings accounts department) Accounting treatment of operations in the departments of commercial banks: (clearing department and commercial paper department) Accounting treatment of operations in the departments of commercial banks: (clearing department and commercial paper department) continuation of the previous lesson Accounting treatment of operations in the departments of commercial banks: (securities department and credit department) Accounting treatment of operations in the departments of commercial banks: (documentary credits department and letters of guarantee department) Accounting treatment of operations in the departments of commercial banks: (documentary credits department and letters of guarantee department) continuation of the previous lesson Financial statements in commercial banks Long-term credit banks: (accounting treatments related to them, reports, and financial statements) Long-term credit banks: (accounting treatments related to them, reports, and financial statements) continuation of the previous lesson Insurance companies: (concept of insurance and characteristics of insurance companies, accounting treatment of insurance company operations, financial statements) Insurance companies: (concept of insurance and characteristics of insurance companies, accounting treatment of insurance company operations, financial statements) Insurance companies: (concept of insurance and characteristics of insurance companies, accounting treatment of insurance company operations, financial statements) continuation of the previous lesson

Objectives of the Course: To familiarize students with the basic concepts of scientific research, its development, importance, and characteristics. To introduce students to knowledge and science and their relationship with scientific research, and how to differentiate between them. To explain the objectives of scientific knowledge, and the features, characteristics, and steps of scientific research. To develop and enhance students' skills and abilities in scientific thinking, critical ability, and problem identification. Course Contents: Stages and concept of scientific research Choosing the research topic and the purpose of selecting a research problem Objectives of scientific research, characteristics of good research, and difficulties faced by researchers Identifying the problem, how to choose it, whether it has been chosen before, the researcher's ability to address it, and its suitability for research Scientific hypotheses Research methodologies Data collection tools Questionnaire design, formulating questions, and statistically testing them Data presentation tools, tables, and graphs Study of the sample and the study population Writing the research: research structure, citations, footnotes, and references Training researchers on finalizing and formatting the research in its final form Training researchers for discussion sessions and preparing them for the final defense in front of the committee General reviews of what has been studied

Objective of the Course: This course aims to introduce students to the basic concepts related to investment and investment projects. It also aims to provide students with some concepts, terms, and analytical tools used in the field of economic project evaluation. Additionally, it enables students to understand the importance of economic feasibility studies for investment projects, and to know the principles and rules of the financial and economic evaluation process, as well as the commercial and social profitability of a project. Main Topics of the Course: Concept and importance of economic project evaluation Concept and importance of economic feasibility studies Concept of the project and its objectives Nature of investment and investment projects Stages of preparing an economic feasibility study Determining project objectives and project selection criteria Preliminary feasibility study Detailed feasibility study Environmental study Legal feasibility study Marketing study and demand estimation Technical study and cost estimation Financial and funding study of the project Financial and economic evaluation of the commercial profitability of the project Evaluation criteria under conditions of certainty Evaluation criteria under conditions of uncertainty National feasibility study (social profitability)

Course Objective: The aim of the course is to familiarize the student with topics related to the monetary aspect of international commercial and economic relations, foreign exchange and its relationship to the balance of payments, in addition to the impact of the balance of payments on the economic situation of the country. The course also covers important theories related to addressing imbalances in the balance of payments and the effect of the international monetary system through international liquidity and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Course Contents: Definition of foreign exchange, its sources, and the supply and demand relations in foreign exchange. Balance of payments, its accounts, and achieving equality in it. Imbalances in the balance of payments and monetary systems. Types of imbalances in the balance of payments. Factors affecting exchange rates. Forward exchange markets. Interest rate parity and purchasing power parity. Income and the effects of the international trade multiplier. Addressing the balance of payments according to traditional theory in cases of fixed and variable exchange rates. The Marshall-Lerner condition for addressing elasticity problems, and the absorption problem. The international monetary system and its organizations. Internal and external balance.

Course Objective: The aim of the course is to introduce the student to the activities of the international banking system, the current challenges and trends affecting international banks, and to familiarize them with the relevant international standards and financial regulations. Additionally, it covers the mechanisms of operation of related international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Course Contents: The concept of international banks, their types, importance, and the difference between them and local banks. Commercial papers. International banking loans, Part 1/2. International banking loans, Part 2/2. Marketing of international banking services. Liquidity and capital management in international banks. Foreign exchange operations. Financial instruments and products issued by international banks. The World Bank. The International Monetary Fund (IMF). Modern trends of international banks in light of global developments. Facing modern global developments. International standards for banks, Part 1/2. International standards for banks, Part 2/2.

Course Objective: The aim of the course is to introduce the student to the concepts and fundamentals of bank credit, and the factors determining the ability of banks to create credit. It also aims to familiarize the student with credit granting standards and how to handle doubtful banking debts. Course Contents: The nature of bank credit, its importance, and its limitations. Creation of bank credit. Factors determining the ability of banks to create credit. The difference between traditional credit and Islamic financing. Credit granting standards. Evaluation of credit applications and considerations to be taken into account when granting bank financing. Credit risk analysis. Evaluation of banking guarantees. Differentiating between sound loans and collectible loans. Credit analysis to avoid financial failure risks. Indicators and methods of credit analysis. Analysis of financial statements of the credit client. Credit risks. Handling doubtful banking debts.

Course Objective: The aim of the course is to familiarize the student with the concepts and fundamentals of financial mathematics, the purpose of using financial mathematics terminology, and the role of financial mathematics in finance and investment. Additionally, it aims to enable the student to distinguish between the required laws and information. Course Contents: Definition and uses of financial mathematics. Definition of simple interest and its calculation elements. True interest and commercial interest. Various methods of calculating interest. Compound amount law and its applications. Introduction to compound interest and the difference between it and simple interest. Present value law and its applications. Compound amount law and its applications. Settlement and replacement of debts before and after their due dates. Discounting commercial papers. Bank credit. Bank credit - Applications.

Course Objective: The aim of the course is to understand the concept of economic policy and its relationship with economic theory, study the features of macroeconomic policy according to schools of economic thought, familiarize the student with the types and structure of macroeconomic policies, and enhance the student's analytical ability through the analysis of the effectiveness of macroeconomic policy and the study of some applied models. Course Contents: The nature of macroeconomic policy (its concept; its relationship with economic theory). Macroeconomic policies according to schools of economic thought. Macroeconomic policy (its objectives; conditions for setting objectives; measuring the achievement of objectives; the relationship of objectives with national economic problems; evaluation of macroeconomic policy). Types and structure of macroeconomic policies: First: Fiscal policy (its definition; its objectives). Tools and means of fiscal policy and the effects resulting from the use of fiscal policy tools. Analysis of the effectiveness of fiscal policy (using fiscal policy tools to address inflation; fiscal policy and addressing budget deficits; study of some models). Second: Monetary policy (its definition; its objectives; its tools and means). Analysis of the effectiveness of monetary policy (effects resulting from the use of monetary policy tools). Using monetary policy tools to address inflation (study of some models). Using monetary policy tools to address recession (study of some models). Third: Trade policy (its definition; its objectives; its tools and means). Types of trade policy (protectionist trade policy; free trade policy). Trade policy and addressing balance of payments deficits (study of some models). Models of economic reform policies in the Libyan economy.

Course Objective: The aim of the course is to introduce the student to the concepts and fundamentals of bank marketing and the marketing mix in banking operations. It includes familiarizing the student with banking services and their marketing characteristics, as well as the concept of service quality in banking and methods of measuring it. Course Contents: Bank marketing: its concept and objectives. Stages of the marketing mix for banking services. The concept of the marketing environment. Market study and the micro and macro marketing environments and their effects on the marketing of banking services. Definition of banking services, their importance, and their marketing characteristics. The concept of quality in banking services. Measuring the quality of banking services. The lifecycle of banking services and marketing strategies for banking services. Behavioral aspects in purchasing banking services. Pricing of banking services. Distribution and promotion of banking services. The banking marketing mix and additional elements used in the mix. E-marketing for banking services.

Course Objective: The aim of the course is to familiarize the student with the laws governing the operations of the central bank, commercial banks, Islamic banks, specialized banks, and financial companies. It also covers the role that financial and banking institutions play in achieving the economic stability of the state, as well as understanding the laws governing the financial market, financial and banking legislation that regulates banking operations, and any developments in these areas. This includes modern technology and the legal dimensions that govern commercial and financial relationships between companies and between companies and financial and banking institutions, from the commercial bank to the central bank. Course Contents: The Central Bank of Libya Law The relationship of the central bank with banks and its relationship with the government Banking Law Bank deposits Current accounts Documentary credit Letters of guarantee Credit cards Discounting Leasing of safe deposit boxes Public debt law Foreign exchange control law Money exchange control law Securities law

Course Objective: The aim of this course is to introduce the student to the concept of international trade, the importance of international exchange and economic integration. It also enables the student to study economic theories and intellectual schools that explain the existence of international trade, and to acquire basic knowledge about international exchange rates, markets, and systems, and to understand the importance of international economic integration. Additionally, it enables the student to learn about trade policies and their significance for the foreign trade sector in the economy. Main Topics Covered: Basic concepts of international trade and its essential components. The economic importance of international trade, reasons for trade, and its main characteristics. Markets and prices (definition of a market and its types, definition of price and its types). Economic theories explaining the existence of trade. Major traditional and modern theories in international trade. Balance of payments (definition, its components, economic states of the balance of payments). Exchange systems, foreign exchange, exchange rate. Exchange markets and their types. Currency exchange systems and their types, components of international liquidity. Definition and nature of trade policy, types of trade policy and their tools. Definition, elements, objectives, and reasons for economic integration. Forms of economic cooperation and integration, and political and economic benefits. Impact of international exchange on the prices of production factors.

This course aims to introduce the student to the fundamental concepts related to public finance and the difference between it and private finance. It also enables the student to understand the elements of public finance and the economic effects resulting from it, as well as to familiarize him with the rules for preparing the general budget, the stages of its approval, and its role in state finance. Additionally, it aims to enable him to understand the concept of budget surplus and deficit and comprehend the implications of each. The main topics of this course include: the basic concepts of public finance; standards, structure, and divisions of public expenditure; the phenomenon of increasing public expenditures (its causes - determinants - characteristics - divisions); the relationship between finance and other sciences; the difference between private finance and public finance; the economic effects of public expenditures (direct effects - indirect effects); public revenues (their sources - characteristics - types); taxes (their definition - importance - types - characteristics); the difference between direct and indirect tax - tax theories; tax base (tax rate - tax divisions according to its base); tax divisions according to their rate - practical applications; public loans (their definition - characteristics - types - the difference between them and taxes); the economic effects of public loans; budget and general budget (definition of the general budget - its importance - technical rules governing the general budget - the role of the general budget in state finance).

Course Objectives To familiarize with the management of production operations and their nature. To introduce students to the methods used in the management of production operations. To understand the analytical aspect of applying these methods in production operations in industrial and service organizations. Course Content The concept, importance, and nature of production operations management Production and productivity Site selection Internal project design Production systems Organizational structure of the project Production operations process flowchart Production operations schedule Maintenance operations management Forecasting Production and operations planning and scheduling Motion study Quality management Analysis of issues related to production, productivity, production efficiency, and production costs

Course Objectives To introduce the student to the concept of human resource management and its key functions such as workforce planning, recruitment, performance evaluation, and training. To acquaint the student with the fundamental principles and concepts of human resource management. To enable the student to understand the rights and duties of employees in organizations in general. To introduce the student to modern theories in the field of human resource management. Course Content Introduction to Human Resource Management (concept and essence) Introduction to Human Resource Management (concept and essence) (continued) Comparison between Human Resource Management and Personnel Management and their functions Comparison between Human Resource Management and Personnel Management and their functions (continued) Job analysis and description Job analysis and description (continued) Human resource planning Human resource planning (continued) Job evaluation Job evaluation (continued) Job evaluation Workforce training and development Workforce training and development (continued) Workforce training and development (continued)

This course aims to introduce the student to the fundamental concepts of micro-analytical economics, such as theory and general principles, and the foundations governing the theory of production and the theory of costs. It also aims to develop the student's analytical abilities by enabling them to understand and analyze consumer behavior, as well as to build basic knowledge about the interrelationships between various economic variables. The main topics of this course include: The essence of microeconomic theory (the theory of consumer behavior - consumer preferences and the utility function) Cardinal utility and the law of diminishing marginal utility Consumer equilibrium using marginal utility Deriving the consumer demand curve Ordinal utility - indifference curves Budget constraint and commodity bundle Consumer equilibrium and deriving the demand curve Changes in income, the income consumption curve, and Engel curve Price changes, the price consumption line, and the demand curve Deriving the compensated demand curve Analysis of income and substitution effects in the case of normal goods and Giffen goods Production theory Cost theory

Objectives of the Course: To provide students with the knowledge and skills necessary to understand individual and group behavior in business organizations. To discuss managerial theories in organizational behavior. To highlight work motivations and pressures and the importance of values to the organization. To explain how to deal with organizational conflicts. Course Contents: Concept of Organizational Behavior Concept of Organizational Behavior (Continuation) Managerial Theories and Organizational Behavior Managerial Theories and Organizational Behavior (Continuation) Perception Perception (Continuation) Attitudes Values Personality Learning Work Stress Frustration Conflict in the Workplace Group Behavior in Organizations

Objectives of the Course: To introduce students to quantitative methods in management. To teach students how to formulate linear programming problems and find solutions using the graphical method. To teach students how to formulate linear programming problems and find solutions using the simplex method. To study the transportation method. To classify business network models. Course Contents: Introduction to Operations Research Linear Programming: Concepts and Applications of the Graphical Method Linear Programming: Concepts and Applications of the Graphical Method (Continuation) Linear Programming: Using the Simplex Method Linear Programming: Using the Simplex Method (Continuation) Linear Programming: Using the Simplex Method (Continuation) Transportation Problems Transportation Problems (Continuation) Transportation Problems (Continuation) Networks Networks (Continuation) Networks (Continuation) Inventory Models Inventory Models (Continuation)

Objectives of the Course: The course aims to equip students with skills in handling application programs such as word processors, spreadsheets, database management systems, and presentation software. Course Contents: Windows Operating System: Start Menu, running programs from the desktop, and handling through File Explorer Word Processor: files, text entry, text editing, formatting, printing, and saving documents Word Processor: inserting references and bookmarks, generating a table of contents, list of figures, and list of tables Spreadsheets: arithmetic and logical operations using formulas and functions Spreadsheets: representing data with charts and graphs Spreadsheets: using sorting and filtering functions Spreadsheets: adding macros, importing and exporting sheets to and from other programs like Word and Access Database Management Systems (Access): introduction to database management systems, basic concepts of files, fields, records, and keys Database Management Systems (Access): designing forms, formatting fields, and entering data Database Management Systems (Access): designing queries and applying filtering formulas Database Management Systems (Access): designing reports, selecting fields, adding macros, and printing

Objectives of the Course: To understand the different types of commercial businesses and their distinguishing features. To learn the conditions for acquiring the status of a trader. To understand the obligations of a trader. To learn the types of companies, the conditions for establishing a company, and the reasons for company dissolution. Course Contents: Introduction to commercial law, its history, and development Scope of application of commercial law and its sources Defining the legal scope of commercial activities Trader status and profession-specific obligations Definition and types of commercial papers Company contract, its pillars, and characteristics Legal personality of a company and its consequences Reasons for company dissolution Study of specific provisions related to partnerships Study of specific provisions related to corporations

Objectives of the Course: To foster the spirit of initiative in executing business projects. To understand and perform self-assessment of skills. To understand the pillars of business projects. To build a Business Model Canvas. To understand planning and evaluation for a business plan. Course Contents: General introduction to entrepreneurship General introduction to entrepreneurship (continuation) Environmental analysis (design thinking) Identifying customer segments + defining the value proposition (empathy map + value definition) Identifying customer segments + defining the value proposition (empathy map + value definition) (continuation) Building a business model Business strategy Digital marketing Digital marketing (continuation) Human resources and communication Financial and funding planning for projects Business plan Business management and performance evaluation Case studies