Course Objectives Introducing students to the basic rules of the Arabic language. Enabling students to write correctly in the Arabic language. Providing an overview of linguistic and literary heritage. Course Content The origin and development of the Arabic language The influence of the Quran in consolidating and spreading it Definition of language and the theory of origin Functions of language Semantic aspects of the Arabic language Grammar _ Review of some grammatical topics Orthography _ Hamza at the beginning of the word Hamzat al-Wasl and Hamzat al-Qat’ Medial Hamza Open Taa and Tied Taa The Adjective and Exception Number distinction Literary Beauty _ Quranic and literary texts Scientific literary text

Course Objectives : To introduce students to certain Islamic legal concepts that they may encounter in their academic and professional journey. To clarify some of the Shariah regulations regarding the employment of money. The Shariah and jurisprudential opinion on certain financial institutions. Course Content: Money: Definition and types Bribery Usury (Riba) Interest Banks Loans Deposits Insurance Shariah regulations Speculation (Mudharabah) Profit-sharing (Murabaha) Companies and the difference between a company and a partnership Trade contracts and Istisna: Definitions and differences Shariah regulations for the employment of money and the general objectives of these regulations

Course Objectives: • To equip the student with the following skills: Reading Writing Listening Interpreting meaning accurately Course Content: Economics Definition of economics History of economics Libya – the Economy Pronouns Pronouns (continued) Verbs and Tenses English Tenses Verbs and Tenses (continued) Be, have, and do Like (+verb+ing) Passive Present simple passive Past simple passive Passive (continued) Modals The Forms and Uses of Modal Auxiliaries Polite Request with "Would" Expressing Necessity: Must-Have to-Have got to Adjectives Comparative adjective Superlative adjective

Course Objectives: This course aims to provide the student with an important understanding of parts of speech. This course aims to develop students' reading skills and increase their mental lexicon of vocabulary and linguistic structures. This course aims to train students in listening and understanding oral excerpts by listening to recorded excerpts appropriate to their levels. This course aims to help students practice using the language according to their different levels. Course Content: Banks New style Old style Computer What is a computer Communication Technology Communication Technology (continued) Nouns Proper nouns Common nouns Nouns (continued) Articles Prepositions Auxiliary Verbs Auxiliary Verbs (continued) Punctuation Be going to The infinitive Adverb

Course Objectives: To provide students with scientific knowledge about computers in terms of components and capabilities. To utilize computers in various fields for problem-solving and analytical methods. To be familiar with software and its types. To be successful in pursuing a career related to computers. Course Content: Definition of computers, input and output components Arithmetic and logic unit, control unit, storage units in computers Hard disks and floppy disks Number representation systems Registers Memory Logic gates Equation representation Definition of software Files and their types Programming languages Stages of software development Steps of problem analysis using computers Data and information

Course Objectives: To present legal theory and the theory of rights comprehensively and clearly. To build and develop the student's legal mindset. To explore the basic principles and concepts of law, such as general theories and principles. Course Content: Definition of law and characteristics of legal rules and their designations Divisions of law and the general basis for dividing into public and private law and their branches Sources of law: Legislation as the main source of law in the world Custom as a source of law: its concept, elements, and effects Application of the law in terms of persons, place, and time Conflict of laws in terms of time and the position of Libyan legislation Interpretation of the law: its types, distinctions between them, and cases of interpretation Concept of rights: its characteristics and elements Beginning of legal personality and capacity Subject of rights: objects and actions Non-financial rights: political and family rights Financial rights: primary and accessory real rights Proof of rights: writing, official documents, private documents Sources of rights and causes of their extinction

Course Objectives: This course aims to introduce students to the concepts and foundations of economics, the theories of supply and demand, market mechanisms, types and forms of elasticity, as well as utility and indifference curves, the concept of production costs, and the characteristics of perfect competition and monopoly markets. Main Topics of the Course: General economic concepts Economic systems Fundamentals of supply, demand, and equilibrium price Changes in supply and demand Elasticity of supply and demand Interventions in supply and demand The theory of value and its evolution Demand and utility: diminishing marginal utility, substitution and income effects Indifference curves and the budget line Supply and production costs Perfect competition market Monopoly market Monopolistic competition market Oligopoly market

Course Objectives: This course aims to introduce students to some basic concepts in economics in general and macroeconomics in particular, the economic sectors that make up the macroeconomy, and the circular flow model of income. It also addresses key macroeconomic issues such as economic stability, inflation, and unemployment, as well as providing basic knowledge in the areas of money and banking, economic growth and development, and international trade. Main Topics of the Course: Introduction to Macroeconomics Macroeconomics in Economic Thought Economic Activity of Society – Basic Concepts in National Accounts Economic Sectors Comprising the Macroeconomy Concept of the Circular Flow Model of Income Macroeconomic Variables and Their Relationship to National Income (Consumption, Saving, Investment) Basic Concepts of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Introduction to Achieving Equilibrium in Macroeconomics (Equilibrium Income and Its Basic Concepts) Macroeconomic Issues and Topics (Economic Stability Issues) Macroeconomic Issues and Topics (Concept of Inflation and Its Effects) Macroeconomic Issues and Topics (Concept of Unemployment and Its Types) Basic Concepts of Money and the Banking System Basic Concepts of Economic Growth and Economic Development Basic Concepts of International Trade and Its Theories

Course Objectives: • To introduce the science of management, its importance, and the need for it. • To understand the historical development of management thought and its different schools. • To learn about the functions of management (planning, organizing, coordinating, directing, controlling). • To learn about the functions of an organization (human resource management, marketing management, production management, financial management, management information systems). Course Content: Concept of Management and Its Importance Historical Development of Management Thought Planning Decision Making Organizing Coordinating Administrative Leadership Motivation and Incentives Administrative Communications Controlling Human Resource Management Marketing Management Production Management Management Information Systems

Course Objectives: • To shed light on goal setting. • To understand how to make administrative decisions. • To learn the principles of scientific management and management by objectives. • To focus on quantitative methods in management. • To understand management in an international environment. • To know the ethical and social responsibility of management. Course Content: Goal Setting Goal Setting (Continued) Decision Making Decision Making (Continued) Scientific Management Scientific Management (Continued) Management by Objectives Management by Objectives (Continued) Quantitative Methods in Management Quantitative Methods in Management (Continued) Management in an International Environment Management in an International Environment (Continued) Ethical Responsibility Ethical Responsibility (Continued)

Course Definition: The course covers the definition of accounting, the principles and assumptions governing it, the accounting cycle, the balance sheet equation, basics of double-entry bookkeeping, distinguishing between debit and credit accounts, determining the impact of transactions on the balance sheet equation, recording and posting entries in accounting books, preparing a trial balance, and preparing financial statements (income statement and balance sheet), as well as identifying and correcting accounting errors. Course Content: Basic Accounting Concepts Principles of Transaction Analysis Accounting Cycle and Balance Sheet Equation Recording Financial Transactions in the Journal Accounting Treatment of Financing and Capital Transactions Accounting Treatment of Inventory Transactions (Purchasing) Accounting Treatment of Inventory Transactions (Selling) Discounts and Their Types General Ledger (Posting and Balancing Accounts) Trial Balance Final Accounts and Financial Statements (Trading Account, Profit and Loss Account, Balance Sheet) Final Accounts and Financial Statements (Trading Account, Profit and Loss Account, Balance Sheet) Continued Final Accounts and Financial Statements (Income Statement) Errors in Accounting Books and Methods of Correction

السلام عليكم .. ممكن تساعدني في ترجمة نصوص من اللغة العربية الى اللغة الانجليزية وعليكم السلام أخي. بالطبع، يمكنني مساعدتك في ترجمة النصوص من اللغة العربية إلى اللغة الإنجليزية. من فضلك قدم النص الذي تود ترجمته، وسأقوم بذلك بكل سرور. 1/2 أهداف المقرر 1. تعريف الطالب على بعض الأفكار الشرعية التي تواجهه في مسيرته العلمية والعملية . 2. توضيح بعض الضوابط الشرعية لتوظيف المال . 3. الرأي الشرعي والفقهي في بعض المؤسسات المالية . محتوى المقرر - المال : تعريفه وأقسامه - الرشوة - الربا - الفائدة - المصارف - القروض - الودائع - التأمين - الضوابط الشرعية - المضاربة - المرابحة - الشركات والفرق بين الشركة والخلطة - عقود التجارة و الاستصناع تعريفها والفرق بينهم - الضوابط الشرعية لتوظيف المال والأهداف العامة لهذه الضوابط السلام عليكم أخي. إليك ترجمة النص إلى اللغة الإنجليزية: Course Objectives: To introduce students to certain Islamic legal concepts that they may encounter in their academic and professional journey. To clarify some of the Shariah regulations regarding the employment of money. The Shariah and jurisprudential opinion on certain financial institutions. Course Content: Money: Definition and types Bribery Usury (Riba) Interest Banks Loans Deposits Insurance Shariah regulations Speculation (Mudharabah) Profit-sharing (Murabaha) Companies and the difference between a company and a partnership Trade contracts and Istisna: Definitions and differences Shariah regulations for the employment of money and the general objectives of these regulations إذا كنت بحاجة إلى أي مساعدة إضافية، فلا تتردد في السؤال يا صديقي. أهداف المقرر • أن يكسب الطالب مهارات الآتية : 1. القراءة 2. الكتابة 3. الاستماع 4. تفسير المعنى بشكل جيد محتوى المقرر - Economics Definition of economics History of economics - Libya – the Economy - Pronouns - Pronouns مكمل للموضوع السابق - Verbs and Tenses English Tenses - Verbs and Tenses English Tenses مكمل للموضوع السابق - Be, have and do - Like (+verb+ing) - Passive Present simple passive Past simple passive - Passive Present simple passive Past simple passive مكمل للموضوع السابق - Modals The Forms and Uses of Modal Auxiliaries - Polite Request with Would - Expressing Necessity Must-Have to-Have got to - Adjectives Comparative adjective Superlative adjective السلام عليكم أخي. إليك ترجمة النص إلى اللغة الإنجليزية: Course Objectives: • To equip the student with the following skills: Reading Writing Listening Interpreting meaning accurately Course Content: Economics Definition of economics History of economics Libya – the Economy Pronouns Pronouns (continued) Verbs and Tenses English Tenses Verbs and Tenses (continued) Be, have, and do Like (+verb+ing) Passive Present simple passive Past simple passive Passive (continued) Modals The Forms and Uses of Modal Auxiliaries Polite Request with "Would" Expressing Necessity: Must-Have to-Have got to Adjectives Comparative adjective Superlative adjective إذا كنت بحاجة إلى أي مساعدة إضافية، فلا تتردد في السؤال يا صديقي. أهداف المقرر 1. يهدف هذا المقرر إلى تزويد الطالب بفكرة مهمة عن أجزاء الكلام 2. يهدف هذا المقرر إلى تنمية المهارات القراءة لدى الطالب وزيادة معجمه الذهني من المفردات والتراكيب اللغوية. 3. يهدف هذا المقرر إلى تدريب الطالب على الاستماع وفهم مقتطفات شفهية من خلال الاستماع الى مقتطفات مسجلة تناسب مستوياتهم. 4. يهدف هذا المقرر إلى مساعدة الطلاب على تدريبهم على استخدام اللغة بما يناسب مستوياتهم المختلفة محتوى المقرر - Banks New style Old style - Computer What is computer - Communication Technology - Communication Technology مكمل للموضوع السابق - Nouns Proper nouns Common nouns - Nouns Proper nouns Common nouns مكمل للموضوع السابق - Articles - Prepositions - Auxiliary Verbs - Auxiliary Verbs مكمل للموضوع السابق - Punctuation - Be going to - The infinitive - Adverb السلام عليكم أخي. إليك ترجمة النص إلى اللغة الإنجليزية: Course Objectives: This course aims to provide the student with an important understanding of parts of speech. This course aims to develop students' reading skills and increase their mental lexicon of vocabulary and linguistic structures. This course aims to train students in listening and understanding oral excerpts by listening to recorded excerpts appropriate to their levels. This course aims to help students practice using the language according to their different levels. Course Content: Banks New style Old style Computer What is a computer Communication Technology Communication Technology (continued) Nouns Proper nouns Common nouns Nouns (continued) Articles Prepositions Auxiliary Verbs Auxiliary Verbs (continued) Punctuation Be going to The infinitive Adverb إذا كنت بحاجة إلى أي مساعدة إضافية، فلا تتردد في السؤال يا صديقي. أهداف المقرر 1. معرفة الطالب معرفة علمية بالحاسب الآلي من حيث المكونات والقدرات . 2. الاستفادة كمه في جميع المجالات من حيث حل المشاكل ، طرق التحليل . 3. الإلمام بالبرمجيات وانواعها . 4. أن يكون ناجحين في العمل في مهنة تتعلق بالكمبيوتر . محتوى المقرر - تعريف الحاسب الآلي ، مكونات الإدخال والإخراج - وحدة الحساب والمنطق ، وحدة التحكم ، الوحدات التخزينية في الحاسب - الأقراص الصلبة والمرنة ، - نظم تمثيل الأعداد - السجلات - الذاكرة - البوابات المنطقية - تمثيل المعادلات - تعريف البرمجيات - الملفات وأنواعها - لغات البرمجة - مراحل تطوير البرمجيات - خطوات تحليل المشكلة باستخدام الحاسب الآلي - البيانات و المعلومات السلام عليكم أخي. إليك ترجمة النص إلى اللغة الإنجليزية: Course Objectives: To provide students with scientific knowledge about computers in terms of components and capabilities. To utilize computers in various fields for problem-solving and analytical methods. To be familiar with software and its types. To be successful in pursuing a career related to computers. Course Content: Definition of computers, input and output components Arithmetic and logic unit, control unit, storage units in computers Hard disks and floppy disks Number representation systems Registers Memory Logic gates Equation representation Definition of software Files and their types Programming languages Stages of software development Steps of problem analysis using computers Data and information إذا كنت بحاجة إلى أي مساعدة إضافية، فلا تتردد في السؤال يا صديقي. أهداف المقرر 1. تهدف إلى عرض النظرية القانونية ونظرية الحق بصورة شاملة وواضحة . 2. بناء وتنمية العقلية القانونية للطالب . 3. بحث المبادئ والمفاهيم الأساسية للقانون كالنظريات والمبادئ العامة محتوى المقرر - تعريف القانون وخصائص القاعدة القانونية وتسمياتها - أقسام القانون والأسس العامة للتقسم إلى قانون عام وخاص وفروع كل منهما - مصادر القانون التشريع أهم مصادر القانون في العالم - العرف كمصدر للقانون مفهومه, أركانه,أثاره - تطبيق القانون من حيث الأشخاص والمكان والزمان - مسألة تنازع القوانين من حيث الزمان وموقف المشروع الليبي - تفسير القانون وأنواعه و التميز بينهم وحالات التفسير - مفهوم الحق و أخصاصه و أركانه - بداية الشخصية القانونية و الأهلية - محل الحق الأشياء , الإعمال - الحقوق غير المالية السياسية و الأسرية - الحقوق المالية العينية الأصلية العينية التبعية - أثبات الحق الكتابة , الأوراق الرسمية, الأوراق العرفية - مصادر الحق أسباب انقضائه السلام عليكم أخي. إليك ترجمة النص إلى اللغة الإنجليزية: Course Objectives: To present legal theory and the theory of rights comprehensively and clearly. To build and develop the student's legal mindset. To explore the basic principles and concepts of law, such as general theories and principles. Course Content: Definition of law and characteristics of legal rules and their designations Divisions of law and the general basis for dividing into public and private law and their branches Sources of law: Legislation as the main source of law in the world Custom as a source of law: its concept, elements, and effects Application of the law in terms of persons, place, and time Conflict of laws in terms of time and the position of Libyan legislation Interpretation of the law: its types, distinctions between them, and cases of interpretation Concept of rights: its characteristics and elements Beginning of legal personality and capacity Subject of rights: objects and actions Non-financial rights: political and family rights Financial rights: primary and accessory real rights Proof of rights: writing, official documents, private documents Sources of rights and causes of their extinction إذا كنت بحاجة إلى أي مساعدة إضافية، فلا تتردد في السؤال يا صديقي. يهدف هذا المقرر الدراسي إلى تعريف الطالب : بمفاهيم وأسس علم الاقتصاد، ومفاهيم نظريتي الطلب والعرض وآليات السوق، وأنواع المرونة وأشكالها بالإضافة إلى المنفعة ومنحنيات السواء، ومفهوم تكاليف الإنتاج وخصائص أسواق المنافسة الكاملة والاحتكار . وتتضمن المواضيع الرئيسية لهذا المقرر الدراسي : المفاهيم الاقتصادية العامة؛ النظم الاقتصادية؛ أساسيات الطلب والعرض والسعر التوازني؛ التغير في الطلب والعرض؛ مرونة الطلب والعرض؛ التدخل في الطلب والعرض؛ نظرية القيمة وتطورها؛ الطلب والمنفعة - تناقص المنفعة الحدية - أثر الإحلال والدخل؛ منحنيات السواء - خط الميزانية؛ العرض وتكاليف الإنتاج؛ سوق المنافسة الكاملة؛ الاحتكار البحث؛ سوق المنافسة الاحتكارية؛ احتكار القلة . السلام عليكم أخي. إليك ترجمة النص إلى اللغة الإنجليزية: Course Objectives: This course aims to introduce students to the concepts and foundations of economics, the theories of supply and demand, market mechanisms, types and forms of elasticity, as well as utility and indifference curves, the concept of production costs, and the characteristics of perfect competition and monopoly markets. Main Topics of the Course: General economic concepts Economic systems Fundamentals of supply, demand, and equilibrium price Changes in supply and demand Elasticity of supply and demand Interventions in supply and demand The theory of value and its evolution Demand and utility: diminishing marginal utility, substitution and income effects Indifference curves and the budget line Supply and production costs Perfect competition market Monopoly market Monopolistic competition market Oligopoly market إذا كنت بحاجة إلى أي مساعدة إضافية، فلا تتردد في السؤال يا صديقي. يهدف هذا المقرر الدراسي إلى تعريف الطالب : ببعض المفاهيم الأساسية في علم الاقتصاد بصفة عامة والاقتصاد الكلي بصفة خاصة، والقطاعات الاقتصادية المكونة للاقتصاد الكلي ونموذج التدفق الدائري للدخل، وبعض قضايا وموضوعات الاقتصاد الكلي والتي تتمثل في قضايا الاستقرار الاقتصادي والتضخم والبطالة، وكذلك تكوين المعرفة الأساسية لديه في مجالات النقود والمصارف والنمو والتنمية الاقتصادية والتجارة الدولية . وتتضمن المواضيع الرئيسية لهذا المقرر الدراسي : مدخل إلى الاقتصاد الكلي؛ الاقتصاد الكلي في الفكر الاقتصادي؛ النشاط الاقتصادي للمجتمع – مفاهيم اساسية في الحسابات القومية؛ القطاعات الاقتصادية المكونة للاقتصاد الكلي؛ مفهوم نموذج التدفق الدائري للدخل؛ المتغيرات الاقتصادية الكلية وعلاقتها بالدخل القومي (الاستهلاك – الادخار - الاستثمار)؛ المفاهيم الأساسية للطلب الكلي والعرض الكلي؛ مدخل إلى تحقيق التوازن في الاقتصاد الكلي (الدخل التوازني ومفاهيمه الاساسية)؛ قضايا وموضوعات الاقتصاد الكلي (قضايا الاستقرار الاقتصادي)؛ قضايا وموضوعات الاقتصاد الكلي (مفهوم التضخم واثاره)؛ قضايا وموضوعات الاقتصاد الكلي (مفهوم البطالة وانواعها)؛ المفاهيم الاساسية للنقود والنظام المصرفي؛ المفاهيم الاساسية للنمو الاقتصادي والتنمية الاقتصادية؛ المفاهيم الاساسية للتجارة الدولية ونظرياتها . السلام عليكم أخي. إليك ترجمة النص إلى اللغة الإنجليزية: Course Objectives: This course aims to introduce students to some basic concepts in economics in general and macroeconomics in particular, the economic sectors that make up the macroeconomy, and the circular flow model of income. It also addresses key macroeconomic issues such as economic stability, inflation, and unemployment, as well as providing basic knowledge in the areas of money and banking, economic growth and development, and international trade. Main Topics of the Course: Introduction to Macroeconomics Macroeconomics in Economic Thought Economic Activity of Society – Basic Concepts in National Accounts Economic Sectors Comprising the Macroeconomy Concept of the Circular Flow Model of Income Macroeconomic Variables and Their Relationship to National Income (Consumption, Saving, Investment) Basic Concepts of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Introduction to Achieving Equilibrium in Macroeconomics (Equilibrium Income and Its Basic Concepts) Macroeconomic Issues and Topics (Economic Stability Issues) Macroeconomic Issues and Topics (Concept of Inflation and Its Effects) Macroeconomic Issues and Topics (Concept of Unemployment and Its Types) Basic Concepts of Money and the Banking System Basic Concepts of Economic Growth and Economic Development Basic Concepts of International Trade and Its Theories إذا كنت بحاجة إلى أي مساعدة إضافية، فلا تتردد في السؤال يا صديقي. هداف المقرر • التعريف بعلم الإدارة وأهميتها ومدى الحاجة إليها. • معرفة التطور التاريخي للفكر الاداري ومدارسه المختلفة. • التعرف على وظائف الإدارة (التخطيط، التنظيم، التنسيق والتوجيه، الرقابة). • التعرف على وظائف المنظمة (إدارة الموارد البشرية، إدارة التسويق، إدارة الإنتاج، الإدارة المالية، إدارة نظم المعلومات الإدارية). محتوى المقرر - مفهوم الإدارة وأهميتها - التطور التاريخي للفكر الإداري - التخطيط - اتخاذ القرارات - التنظيم - التنسيق - القيادة الإدارية - الدافعية والحوافز - الاتصالات الإدارية - الرقابة - إدارة الموارد البشرية - إدارة التسويق - إدارة الإنتاج - إدارة نظم المعلومات الإدارية السلام عليكم أخي. إليك ترجمة النص إلى اللغة الإنجليزية: Course Objectives: • To introduce the science of management, its importance, and the need for it. • To understand the historical development of management thought and its different schools. • To learn about the functions of management (planning, organizing, coordinating, directing, controlling). • To learn about the functions of an organization (human resource management, marketing management, production management, financial management, management information systems). Course Content: Concept of Management and Its Importance Historical Development of Management Thought Planning Decision Making Organizing Coordinating Administrative Leadership Motivation and Incentives Administrative Communications Controlling Human Resource Management Marketing Management Production Management Management Information Systems إذا كنت بحاجة إلى أي مساعدة إضافية، فلا تتردد في السؤال يا صديقي. أهداف المقرر • إلقاء الضوء على تحديد الأهداف. • معرفة كيفية اتخاذ القرارات الإدارية. • التعرف على أسس الإدارة العلمية والإدارة بالأهداف. • التركيز على الأساليب الكمية في الإدارة. • التعرف الإدارة في البيئة الدولية. • معرفة المسؤولية الأخلاقية والاجتماعية للإدارة. محتوى المقرر - تحديد الأهداف - تحديد الأهداف (تكملة) - اتخاذ القرارات - اتخاذ القرارات(تكملة) - الإدارة العلمية - الإدارة العلمية (تكملة) - الإدارة بالأهداف - الإدارة بالأهداف(تكملة) - الأساليب الكمية في الإدارة - الأساليب الكمية في الإدارة (تكملة) - الإدارة في البيئة الدولية - الإدارة في البيئة الدولية (تكملة) - المسئولية الأخلاقية - المسئولية الأخلاقية (تكملة) السلام عليكم أخي. إليك ترجمة النص إلى اللغة الإنجليزية: Course Objectives: • To shed light on goal setting. • To understand how to make administrative decisions. • To learn the principles of scientific management and management by objectives. • To focus on quantitative methods in management. • To understand management in an international environment. • To know the ethical and social responsibility of management. Course Content: Goal Setting Goal Setting (Continued) Decision Making Decision Making (Continued) Scientific Management Scientific Management (Continued) Management by Objectives Management by Objectives (Continued) Quantitative Methods in Management Quantitative Methods in Management (Continued) Management in an International Environment Management in an International Environment (Continued) Ethical Responsibility Ethical Responsibility (Continued) إذا كنت بحاجة إلى أي مساعدة إضافية، فلا تتردد في السؤال يا صديقي. تعريف علم المحاسبة والمبادئ والفروض التي تحكمه والدورة المحاسبية، ومعادلة الميزانية، وأساسيات إعداد القيد المزدوج، التمييز بين الحسابات المدينة والدائنة، وتحديد أثر المعاملات على معادلة الميزانية، تسجيل وترحيل القيود في الدفاتر المحاسبية مع إعداد ميزان المراجعة وإعداد القوائم المالية (قائمة الدخل، وقائمة المركز المالي) واكتشاف الأخطاء المحاسبية ومعالجتها. مفردات المادة: - المفاهيم الأساسية للمحاسبة - أسس تحليل العمليات - الدورة المحاسبية معادلة الميزانية - تسجيل العمليات المالية في دفتر اليومية - المعالجة المحاسبية للعمليات التمويلية والرأسمالية - المعالجة المحاسبية لعمليات البضاعة(الشراء) - المعالجة المحاسبية لعمليات البضاعة(البيع) - الخصم وأنواعه - دفتر الأستاذ العام (الترحيل وترصيد الحسابات) - ميزان المراجعة - الحسابات الختامية والقوائم المالية (حساب المتاجرة والارباح والخسائر والميزانية) - الحسابات الختامية والقوائم المالية (حساب المتاجرة والارباح والخسائر والميزانية) تكملة الدرس السابق. - الحسابات الختامية والقوائم المالية (قائمة الدخل). - أخطاء الدفاتر المحاسبية وطرق تصحيحها. السلام عليكم أخي. إليك ترجمة النص إلى اللغة الإنجليزية: Course Definition: The course covers the definition of accounting, the principles and assumptions governing it, the accounting cycle, the balance sheet equation, basics of double-entry bookkeeping, distinguishing between debit and credit accounts, determining the impact of transactions on the balance sheet equation, recording and posting entries in accounting books, preparing a trial balance, and preparing financial statements (income statement and balance sheet), as well as identifying and correcting accounting errors. Course Content: Basic Accounting Concepts Principles of Transaction Analysis Accounting Cycle and Balance Sheet Equation Recording Financial Transactions in the Journal Accounting Treatment of Financing and Capital Transactions Accounting Treatment of Inventory Transactions (Purchasing) Accounting Treatment of Inventory Transactions (Selling) Discounts and Their Types General Ledger (Posting and Balancing Accounts) Trial Balance Final Accounts and Financial Statements (Trading Account, Profit and Loss Account, Balance Sheet) Final Accounts and Financial Statements (Trading Account, Profit and Loss Account, Balance Sheet) Continued Final Accounts and Financial Statements (Income Statement) Errors in Accounting Books and Methods of Correction إذا كنت بحاجة إلى أي مساعدة إضافية، فلا تتردد في السؤال يا صديقي. يتعرف الطالب على أسباب الحاجة إلى قيود التسوية و يفهم الطالب كيفية إعداد قيود التسوية ووجود أكثر من طريقة و يستذكر الطالب أهمية المبادئ والفروض المحاسبية وأثرها على عملية التسوية و أن يفسر الطالب سبب توازن (أو عدم توازن) قائمة التسوية وقائمة المركز المالي مفردات المادة: - جرد المصروفات والايرادات: المصروفات المستحقة، المصروفات المقدمة، الإيرادات المقدمة. - جرد الأصول الثابتة: تكلفة الأصل الثابت، طرق تحديد قسط الاستهلاك والمعالجة المحاسبية له، الاستغناء عن الأصل الثابت. - جرد الأصول الثابتة: تكلفة الأصل الثابت، طرق تحديد قسط الاستهلاك والمعالجة المحاسبية له، الاستغناء عن الأصل الثابت. (تكملة الدرس السابق) - جرد المخزون السلعي: تعريف المحزون السلعي، طرق تقويم المخزون السلعي (الوارد أولا صادر أولا، الوارد أخيرا صادر أولا، متوسط الأسعار). - أنظمة جرد المخزون السلعي: (نظام الجرد الدوري، نظام الجرد المستمر)، تقدير المخزون السلعي بسعر التكلفة أو السوق أيهما أقل. - جرد الحسابات الشخصية المدينة: تعرف وتصنيف الحسابات الشخصية المدينة، المعالجة المحاسبية للديون المعدومة والديون المشكوك في تحصيلها، معالجة الخصم المسموح به في نهاية الفترة المحاسبية. - جرد الخزينة والمصرف: (المعالجة المحاسبية في حالة وجود عجز أو زيادة في الخزينة، إعداد مذكرة جرد المصرف). - جرد الأوراق المالية (الأسهم والسندات). - جرد الأوراق التجارية (الحالات المختلفة للأوراق التجارية). - جرد الخصوم: رأس المال، الدائنون، أوراق الدفع، القروض - قائمة التسوية، إعداد القوائم المالية وقيود الإقفال والفتح. - قائمة التسوية، إعداد القوائم المالية وقيود الإقفال والفتح. (تكملة الدرس السابق) - الدفاتر المساعدة: (دفاتر اليوميات المساعدة، دفاتر الأستاذ المساعدة)، طرق المحاسبة: (الطريقة الإيطالية، الطريقة الإنجليزية، الطريقة الفرنسية، الطريقة الأمريكية). - الدفاتر المساعدة: (دفاتر اليوميات المساعدة، دفاتر الأستاذ المساعدة)، طرق المحاسبة: (الطريقة الإيطالية، الطريقة الإنجليزية، الطريقة الفرنسية، الطريقة الأمريكية). (تكملة الدرس السابق). Course Objectives: Students will learn the reasons for the need for adjusting entries, understand how to prepare adjusting entries in multiple ways, recall the importance of accounting principles and assumptions and their impact on the adjustment process, and explain the reason for the balance (or imbalance) of the reconciliation statement and the balance sheet. Course Content: Inventory of Expenses and Revenues: Accrued Expenses, Prepaid Expenses, Unearned Revenues Inventory of Fixed Assets: Cost of Fixed Asset, Methods of Determining Depreciation Expense and Its Accounting Treatment, Disposal of Fixed Asset Inventory of Fixed Assets: Cost of Fixed Asset, Methods of Determining Depreciation Expense and Its Accounting Treatment, Disposal of Fixed Asset (Continuation of the Previous Lesson) Inventory of Merchandise Inventory: Definition of Merchandise Inventory, Methods of Valuing Merchandise Inventory (FIFO, LIFO, Average Cost) Inventory Systems: (Periodic Inventory System, Perpetual Inventory System), Estimating Merchandise Inventory at Cost or Market Value, Whichever Is Lower Inventory of Personal Accounts Receivable: Definition and Classification of Personal Accounts Receivable, Accounting Treatment of Bad Debts and Doubtful Debts, Treatment of Discounts Allowed at the End of the Accounting Period Inventory of Cash and Bank: (Accounting Treatment in Case of Cash Shortage or Overage, Preparation of Bank Reconciliation Statement) Inventory of Securities (Stocks and Bonds) Inventory of Commercial Papers (Various Cases of Commercial Papers) Inventory of Liabilities: Capital, Creditors, Notes Payable, Loans Reconciliation Statement, Preparation of Financial Statements, and Closing and Opening Entries Reconciliation Statement, Preparation of Financial Statements, and Closing and Opening Entries (Continuation of the Previous Lesson) Subsidiary Books: (Subsidiary Journals, Subsidiary Ledgers), Accounting Methods: (Italian Method, English Method, French Method, American Method) Subsidiary Books: (Subsidiary Journals, Subsidiary Ledgers), Accounting Methods: (Italian Method, English Method, French Method, American Method) (Continuation of the Previous Lesson)

Course Objectives: To provide basic information to students about the origins of statistics and its relationship with other sciences. To learn about the steps of statistical research and data collection methods. To become familiar with the most important statistical measures. To introduce students to variables and their types, as well as simple linear regression equations, how to calculate them, and multiple linear regression. Course Content: Introduction to Statistics Data Classification and Graphical Presentation Data Classification and Graphical Presentation (Continuation) Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Central Tendency (Continuation) Measures of Central Tendency (Continuation) Measures of Dispersion Measures of Dispersion (Continuation) Moments and Measures of Skewness and Kurtosis Moments and Measures of Skewness and Kurtosis (Continuation) Moments and Measures of Skewness and Kurtosis (Continuation) Correlation and Simple Linear Regression Correlation and Simple Linear Regression (Continuation) Probability Theory

Course Objectives: The course aims to introduce students to the principles and rules of probabilities and their theories, and how to utilize analytical statistics in various fields. Students will learn how to apply analytical statistics, its applications, and its relation to mathematical principles, and to deduce the significance of numbers in statistical science. Students will understand the importance of statistics in practical reality and its alignment with scientific developments. Course Content: Random Variables and Their Probability Distribution Random Variables and Their Probability Distribution (Continuation) Some of the Most Important Discrete Probability Distributions Some of the Most Important Discrete Probability Distributions (Continuation) Some of the Most Important Continuous Probability Distributions Some of the Most Important Continuous Probability Distributions (Continuation) Sampling Distribution Sampling Distribution (Continuation) Sampling Distribution (Continuation) Estimation Theory Estimation Theory (Continuation) Estimation Theory (Continuation) Hypothesis Testing Theory Hypothesis Testing Theory (Continuation)

Course Objectives: To introduce students to the basic concepts in mathematical analysis. To introduce students to functions and their types, which are useful in studying economic sciences. To introduce students to differentiation (derivatives) and its applications. To introduce students to the integration of functions, sequences, and series. Course Content: Basic Concepts in Mathematical Analysis Functions Limits Definition of Differentiation (First Derivative), Theories in Differentiation Implicit Differentiation, Higher Order Differentiation Increasing and Decreasing Functions, Maximum and Minimum Values Mean Value Theorem, Rolle's Theorem Definition of Indefinite Integration, Methods of Indefinite Integration Methods of Indefinite Integration (Continuation) Definite Integration and Its Uses Definite Integration and Its Uses (Continuation) Sequences Convergence and Divergence Tests Series

Course Objectives: To introduce students to the basic concepts in mathematical analysis. To introduce students to matrices and their types, which are useful in studying economic sciences. To introduce students to linear equations and methods of solving them. To introduce students to definite integration and its economic applications. Course Content: General Concepts Matrices Elementary Operations on Matrices Determinants Inverse of a Matrix and Its Properties Inverse of a Matrix and Its Properties (Continuation) Rank of a Matrix and Characteristic Roots Rank of a Matrix and Characteristic Roots (Continuation) Linear Equations and Methods of Solving Them Linear Equations and Methods of Solving Them (Continuation) Linear Equations and Methods of Solving Them (Continuation) Definite Integration and Its Economic Applications Definite Integration and Its Economic Applications (Continuation) Definite Integration and Its Economic Applications

Course Objectives: To introduce the subject of the fundamentals of political science and the nature of politics. To clarify the most important fields related to political science for students. To explain the state, its components, and its main elements. To enable students to learn about the policies of some countries through the events they have experienced. Course Content: Introduction to Political Science Political Science as an Evolving Field Relationship of Political Science with Other Fields (Continuation) The State (Its Concept / Elements / Forms / Origin) Types of States in Terms of International Status and Integration Political Parties Civil Society Exercise of Power Political Socialization / Its Definition / Main Channels Political Systems (Presidential / Parliamentary / Mixed) The Constitution and the Political System (Continuation) Foreign Policy International Organization Review of Lectures / Presentation of Work Papers

Course Objectives: To introduce students to public administration as a scientific and practical concept. To understand the concept of the general and specific environment and its relationship with the organizational structure within an organization. To clarify the role of public administration and the services it provides within the institutional framework of the state. To introduce the most prominent theories in the field of public administration. Course Content: The Essence of Public Administration The Nature and Characteristics of Public Administration The Relationship of Public Administration with Other Sciences Public Administration and Bureaucratic Theory Contemporary Political Systems and Public Administration Contemporary Political Systems and Public Administration (Continuation) Centralization: Its Concept, How to Achieve It, and the Factors and Reasons for Adopting It Decentralization: Its Concept, How to Achieve It, and the Factors and Reasons for Adopting It Planning and General Plans Planning and General Plans (Continuation) Administrative Organization: Its Concept, Importance, and Elements Principles of Administrative Organization Control over Public Administration Performance: Its Concept, Components, and Objectives Types of Control: Internal Control and External Control

Course Objectives: To introduce students to the concepts and foundations related to finance, study liquidity, profitability, cash flow, and the time value of money. To familiarize them with sources of short, medium, and long-term funds and financial intermediaries, and to understand how to measure the cost of these funding sources. Course Content: The Nature of Finance: Functions, Principles, and Objectives of the Enterprise The Role of Financial Management in Making Financial Decisions Finance as a Field of Knowledge and Its Relationship with Other Sciences Sources of Finance, Their Characteristics, and Financial Intermediaries Sources of Finance, Their Characteristics, and Financial Intermediaries (Continuation) Financial Instruments and Other Sources of Finance The Time Value of Money Short-term Sources of Finance Short-term Sources of Finance (Continuation) Medium-term Sources of Finance Medium-term Sources of Finance (Continuation) Long-term Sources of Finance Long-term Sources of Finance (Continuation) Cost of Funds and Its Impact on the Financial Structure

Course Objective: To enable students to understand the main concepts and components of investment and its importance in the national economy, the concept and types of economic feasibility studies for investment, and the methods and techniques used in analyzing financial investment instruments (stocks and bonds). Additionally, to familiarize them with the investment tools traded in financial markets, the returns and risks of investment, methods of measuring them, sources of investment risks, and to introduce students to investment portfolios and financial derivatives, their types, advantages, and risks. Course Content: Definition of Investment, Importance of Investment, Principles, Types, and Determinants of Investment Economic Feasibility Study for Investment (Concept and Types of Economic Feasibility Study) Investment Decisions (Types of Investment Decisions, Basic Components of Investment Decisions) Investment Risks (Definition, Measurement, Types, and Sources of Investment Risks) Investment Risks (Definition, Measurement, Types, and Sources of Investment Risks) (Continuation) Investment Instruments (Securities, Real Estate, Commodities, and Economic Projects) Investment Instruments (Foreign Currencies, Precious Metals, and Investment Funds) Investment Portfolios (Definition, Optimal Portfolio, and Use of Diversification Principle to Reduce Portfolio Risks) Investment Portfolios (Definition, Optimal Portfolio, and Use of Diversification Principle to Reduce Portfolio Risks) (Continuation) Investment Portfolios (Using Beta Coefficient to Predict Portfolio Risks, Key Policies in Portfolio Management, and Principles of Measuring Portfolio Manager Performance) Investment Portfolios (Using Beta Coefficient to Predict Portfolio Risks, Key Policies in Portfolio Management, and Principles of Measuring Portfolio Manager Performance) (Continuation) Financial Markets (Concept of Financial Market, Efficient Financial Market, and Pillars of the Libyan Financial Market) Financial Markets (Types of Financial Markets) Financial Derivatives (Concept, Advantages, Risks, and Types of Financial Derivatives)

Course Objective: This course aims to introduce students to the basic concepts of microeconomic analysis, such as theory and general principles, and the foundations governing the theory of production and cost theory. It also aims to develop their analytical abilities by enabling them to understand and analyze consumer behavior, and to provide basic knowledge about the interrelationships between different economic variables. Main Topics of the Course: The Nature of Microeconomic Theory (Theory of Consumer Behavior - Consumer Preferences and Utility Function) Cardinal Utility and the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility Consumer Equilibrium Using Marginal Utility Derivation of the Consumer Demand Curve Ordinal Utility - Indifference Curves Budget Constraint and Commodity Bundle Consumer Equilibrium and Derivation of the Demand Curve Changes in Income, the Income Consumption Curve, and Engel Curve Changes in Prices, the Price Consumption Line, and the Demand Curve Derivation of the Compensated Demand Curve Analysis of Income and Substitution Effects in the Case of Normal Goods and Giffen Goods Theory of Production Theory of Costs

Course Objective: This course aims to introduce students to the basic concepts of macroeconomic analysis and the challenges it faces, as well as the different methods of measuring economic activity. It also aims to enable students to study the theoretical framework of some intellectual models of macroeconomic equilibrium and to provide basic knowledge about the concepts and tools used in macroeconomic analysis. Main Topics of the Course: Basic Concepts of Macroeconomic Analysis (Macroeconomic Theory in Economic Thought - Stages and Challenges of Macroeconomic Analysis) Concept of the Macroeconomic Model and Types of Equations and Variables Economic Sectors and Their Functions - Circular Flow Model in a Closed/Open Economy Basic Concepts of National Output/Income and Its Interpretation of Macroeconomic Activity Economic Activity of Society (Methods of Measurement - Measurement Problems - Index Numbers and Their Uses in Macroeconomics) Macroeconomic Policy (Definition - Objectives - Tools) Classical Model of Macroeconomic Equilibrium Simple Keynesian Model of Macroeconomic Equilibrium Consumer Spending and Modern Consumption Theories (Absolute Income Hypothesis - Relative Income Hypothesis - Permanent Income Hypothesis - Life Cycle Hypothesis) Concept of the Multiplier Investment Spending and the Accelerator Theory

Course Objective: This course aims to introduce students to the different types of competitive markets and their characteristics, how to achieve equilibrium within firms under various markets, and to develop their analytical abilities by enabling them to study and analyze the main market models and how to determine price and production in each of them. Additionally, one of the objectives of the course is to introduce students to welfare economics and the models and criteria related to increasing economic welfare. Main Topics of the Course: Review of Previously Studied Microeconomic Theory Perfect Competition Market (Assumptions - Demand Curve) Firm Equilibrium in the Short and Long Run in a Perfect Competition Market Monopolistic Competition Market (Assumptions - Product Differentiation and Demand Curve in Monopolistic Competition) Firm Equilibrium in a Monopolistic Competition Market Monopoly Market - Reasons for Monopoly - Demand and Revenue of the Monopolist Monopolist Equilibrium in the Short/Long Run in a Monopoly Market Oligopoly Market - Reasons for Oligopoly - Cournot's Duopoly Model Chamberlin's Model - Stackelberg's Model Distribution Theory - Partial and General Equilibrium (Welfare Economics) Externalities and Market Failure Partial and General Equilibrium (Welfare Economics) Externalities and Market Failure

Course Objective: This course aims to introduce students to how to analyze equilibrium in different markets according to the theoretical models of macroeconomics, explain the effects and effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policies within the framework of some macroeconomic models, and enable them to understand how to determine economic equilibrium in an economy consisting of multiple sectors. It also aims to enable them to study inflation and the inflationary process in detail. Main Topics of the Course: Review of Previously Studied Macroeconomic Theory Market Analysis in Classical Economics (Equilibrium Analysis in the Labor Market - Equilibrium Analysis in the Monetary Market - Equilibrium Analysis in the Goods and Services Market) General Economic Equilibrium Analysis in Classical Economics and Its Graphical Representation Effects and Effectiveness of Fiscal and Monetary Policies within the Classical Model Macroeconomic Equilibrium (Determining Equilibrium Income) According to Keynesian Theory in a Two-Sector/Three-Sector Economy Macroeconomic Equilibrium (Determining Equilibrium Income) According to the Keynesian Model in an Open Economy Simultaneous Equilibrium in the Goods and Money Markets (IS/LM Model) Analysis of the Effectiveness of Fiscal and Monetary Policies within the IS/LM Model Inflation and the Inflationary Process Models and Theories of Economic Growth Economic Cycles (Concept - Stages - Characteristics - Types)

Course Objective: This course aims to introduce students to the relationship between statistics and economics, the basic concepts related to economic statistics, and to enable them to study how to use statistical analysis tools to measure the strength of the relationship between economic variables. It also aims to provide them with basic knowledge on how to collect, classify, and use data in relevant studies and research, and to enable them to handle economic statistics in a manner appropriate to the problem under study. Main Topics of the Course: Basic Concepts of Economic Statistics Presentation and Classification of Statistical Data Used in Statistical Analysis and Identifying Sources of Errors Functions (Statistical - Mathematical - Economic) and Their Relationship with Statistical Data Sampling and Statistical Sampling (Sources of Information - Data Collection Methods in Field Research - Concept of Population and Sample - Concept and Importance of Sample - Sample Statistics and Sources of Errors) Classification of Samples in Terms of Their Representation of the Population - Types of Samples and Determining Sample Size Measuring and Analyzing the Relationship Between Economic Variables Statistical Inference Methods (Covariance - Covariance and Quality Inference Tests F / t / Z) Correlation and Determination Coefficients and Their Economic and Statistical Importance (Measuring the Strength of the Relationship Between Variables - Concept of Correlation Coefficient r - Concept of Determination Coefficient R²) Index Numbers (Concept - Types - General Principles of Formation) Simple/Weighted Index Numbers and How to Calculate Them - How to Link Index Numbers When the Base Year Differs Time Series (Concept - Components - Analysis) Some Models of Economic Statistics Related to the Libyan Economy (Foreign Trade Statistics - Industrial Statistics - Agricultural Statistics)

Course Objective: This course aims to introduce students to the importance of econometrics and its basic concepts, enable them to study econometric methods and models and their uses in analyzing economic relationships, and provide them with basic knowledge on how to build, estimate, and evaluate econometric models and deal with econometric measurement problems. It also aims to develop their abilities to handle economic dilemmas using econometric analytical methods. Main Topics of the Course: Basic Concepts in Econometrics Covariance and Correlation Coefficient Simple Linear Regression Model Estimation of the Simple Linear Regression Equation (Manual Method - Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Method) Testing and Evaluating the Parameters of the Simple Linear Regression Model Practical Applications of Simple Linear Regression Economic Models Multiple Linear Regression Model Estimation of the Multiple Linear Regression Equation Testing and Evaluating the Parameters of the Multiple Linear Regression Model Practical Applications of Multiple Linear Regression Economic Models Regression (Simple - Multiple) with Dummy Variables Major Problems in Econometrics (Autocorrelation Problem - Heteroscedasticity Problem - Multicollinearity Problem)

Course Objective: This course aims to introduce students to the nature of mathematical economics and its relationship with branches of economics. It also aims to enable them to use mathematical analysis tools and methods in the economic field, provide basic knowledge on how to design mathematical economic models and use them in related studies, and develop their abilities to handle economic dilemmas using mathematical analytical methods. Main Topics of the Course: The Nature of Mathematical Economics Mathematical Economic Models (Concept - Criteria - Components - Types) Types of Mathematical Equations in Economics and How to Formulate Them Economic Applications of Mathematical Equations Simultaneous Equations Models and Static Equilibrium Analysis (Market Model - National Income Model) Mathematical Functions (Concept - Types - Economic Applications) Mathematical Tools Used in Mathematical Economics (Differentiation Rules, Their Calculation and Economic Uses - Integration Rules, Their Calculation and Economic Uses) Matrices and Their Economic Uses Maximum and Minimum Points and Their Economic Applications

Course Objective: This course aims to introduce students to the importance of the development of economic thought, both ancient and modern. It also aims to enable them to understand the historical foundations and methodologies of economics, provide them with the necessary skills to analyze various doctrines and schools of thought and their key thinkers and pioneers, and enable them to grasp the historical contribution of human thought in solving economic problems. Main Topics of the Course: Introduction to the Study of the History of Economic Thought Economic Thought in Ancient Civilizations Economic Thought in the Middle Ages Economic Thought in the Islamic Era Economic Thought of the Mercantilist School Economic Thought of the Physiocratic School Economic Thought of the Classical School Economic Thought of the Socialist School Economic Thought of the Neoclassical School Economic Thought of the Keynesian School Economic Thought of the Monetarist School Historical Theories of Economic Growth

Course Objective: This course aims to introduce students to the basic concepts of money and its theories and functions, enable them to understand banking operations related to commercial banks and the central bank, and familiarize them with the monetary system balance sheet, the components of the monetary base, and the meaning of money supply. It also aims to enable them to study bank credit, bank deposits, and documentary credit in a specialized manner. Main Topics of the Course: Basic Concepts of Money and Banking Theories of Money (Traditional, Keynesian, and Contemporary Monetary Thought) Types of Money Value and Methods of Measuring Money Fiscal Policy (Types, Tools, and Objectives) Monetary Policy (Concept, Characteristics, Types, Tools) Banking Operations (Securities: Buying/Selling, Transfers, Clearing Operations, Balance Sheets) Commercial Banks (Uses, Money Creation and Collection through the Banking System) The Central Bank (Importance, Functions, Objectives, Operations, Balance Sheet) Bank Credit and Its Types – Development of Commercial Banks in Libya - Specialized Banks Narrow Money Supply - Broad Money Supply - Money Supply Multiplier Bank Deposits (Development, Types, and Influencing Factors) Documentary Credit (Importance, Characteristics, Types, and Associated Risks) Cash and Financial Flows within the Balance of Payments Framework

Course Objective: This course aims to introduce students to the concept of international trade, the importance of international exchange, and economic integration. It also aims to enable them to study economic theories and intellectual schools explaining the existence of international trade, and to provide them with basic knowledge about international exchange rates, markets, and systems, and to recognize the importance of international economic integration. Additionally, it aims to enable them to understand trade policies and their importance to the foreign trade sector in the economy. Main Topics of the Course: Basic Concepts of International Trade and Its Essential Elements Economic Importance of International Trade - Reasons for Trade and Its Main Features Markets and Prices (Meaning of Market and Its Types - Meaning of Price and Its Types) Economic Theories Explaining Trade Major Traditional/Modern Theories in International Trade Balance of Payments (Definition - Its Components - Economic Conditions of the Balance of Payments) Exchange Systems - Foreign Exchange - Exchange Rate Foreign Exchange Markets and Their Types Exchange Rate Systems and Their Types - Components of International Liquidity Meaning and Nature of Trade Policy - Types and Tools of Trade Policy Meaning, Elements, Objectives, and Reasons for Economic Integration Forms of Economic Cooperation and Integration and Their Political and Economic Benefits Impact of International Exchange on the Prices of Production Factors

Course Objective: This course aims to introduce students to the terminology and concepts of international finance and the importance of capital flows between countries. It also aims to enable them to study global exchange rates and their impact on the balance of payments, as well as to study theoretical approaches used to address the balance of payments and restore economic equilibrium. Additionally, it aims to provide them with basic knowledge about the international monetary system and its foundations. Main Topics of the Course: Basic Concepts of International Finance Balance of Payments and Its Analyses - Foreign Direct Investment Debt Balances and Flows Leading to Debt Creation - External Debt Indicators Capital Flows and Balance of Payments - Reserves and Financing - Holding Reserve Assets Appropriateness of Using Reserve Assets to Finance Deficits - Adequacy of Reserves Foreign Exchange (Demand and Supply of Foreign Exchange - Determination of Exchange Rate under: Gold Standard, Free Market System) Exceptional Financing and Bearing the Burden of the Current Account Forecasting Balance of Payments Items - Unrequited Transfers - Capital Account Deriving Foreign Exchange Demand and Supply Curves - Equilibrium in the Foreign Exchange Market Factors Affecting Spot and Forward Exchange Rates - Speculation and Interest Rate Parity - Purchasing Power Balance of Payments Imbalance (Influencing Factors - Methods of Correcting the Imbalance) Achieving Balance in the Balance of Payments - Price and Income Movements Capital and Financial Account - Other Investments Addressing the Balance of Payments Under Fixed Exchange Rate Assumption According to (Classical Theory - Keynesian Theory)

Course Objective: This course aims to introduce students to the basic concepts of economic development, such as theories, principles, and general foundations of economic development. It also aims to provide basic knowledge about the economics of economic development and economic growth, and to build a developmental mindset by highlighting the importance of economic development and economic growth in society. Additionally, it aims to enable students to understand the foundations of sustainable development and its indicators, as well as to focus on spatial development in rural areas and highlight its importance. Main Topics of the Course: Concept of Underdevelopment and Development Measures of Development - Characteristics of Underdevelopment - Criteria of Underdevelopment Concept of Economic Growth and Development - Characteristics of Economic Growth Measures of Economic Growth - Difference Between Growth and Development Theories Explaining Economic Underdevelopment (Geographical and Natural Factors Theory - Cultural and Social Factors Theory - Vicious Circle of Poverty Theory - Rostow's Stages of Growth Theory) Development Financing - Sources of Development Financing Theories of Economic Growth (Classical Growth Theory - Keynesian Growth Theory - New Growth Theory) Role of Economic Sectors in Economic Development (Role of Agriculture and Industry in Economic Development) Human Development Indicators and Measures Concept of Sustainable Development and Its Indicators Rural Spatial Development (Concept - Importance - Objectives - Influencing Factors - Challenges)

Course Objective: This course aims to introduce students to the basic concepts and methods of economic planning, and to develop a sound planning mindset by reviewing some successful economic planning models. It also aims to enable students to understand the stages of preparing a plan, its time frame, and the characteristics of successful planning, as well as to introduce them to the relationship between economic planning and some economic concepts. Main Topics of the Course: Basic Concepts of Economic Planning Planning Cycles - Centralization and Decentralization in the Planning Process Patterns and Methods of Economic Planning Types of Economic Planning Successful Economic Planning Models and Lessons Learned (Spatial Planning and Rural Planning) The Plan and the Planning Process (Plan Content and Implementation Tools - Development Plan and Development Planning - Plan's Time Frame - Characteristics of a Successful Plan - Stages of Plan Preparation - Plan Implementation - Monitoring Plan Implementation - Plan Evaluation) Practical Models for Preparing Economic Plans Problems Faced by Planners When Preparing an Economic Plan The Relationship of Economic Planning (to Sustainable Development - to Price Policies - to Scientific Forecasting)

Course Objective: This course aims to introduce students to the basic concepts related to public finance and the difference between public and private finance. It also aims to enable students to understand the elements of public finance and their economic impacts, introduce them to the rules of preparing the general budget, its approval stages, and its role in the state's finances. Additionally, it aims to help students understand the concept of budget surplus and deficit and their implications. Main Topics of the Course: Basic Concepts of Public Finance Criteria for Public Expenditure, Its Structure, and Classifications The Phenomenon of Increasing Public Expenditure (Causes - Determinants - Characteristics - Classifications) Relationship of Finance with Other Sciences - Difference Between Private Finance and Public Finance Economic Impacts of Public Expenditure (Direct and Indirect Effects) Public Revenues (Sources - Characteristics - Types) Taxes (Definition - Importance - Types - Characteristics) Difference Between Direct and Indirect Taxes - Theories of Taxation Tax Base (Tax Rate - Divisions of Taxes According to Their Base) Classification of Taxes According to Their Rate - Practical Applications Public Loans (Definition - Characteristics - Types - Difference Between Loans and Taxes) Economic Impacts of Public Loans Budget and General Budget (Definition of the General Budget - Importance - Technical Rules Governing the General Budget - Role of the General Budget in State Finance)

Course Objective: This course aims to introduce students to the basic concepts and methods of national accounts, enable them to study the various methods used to measure and estimate national income, and provide them with basic knowledge about the classifications of the national economic balance system. Additionally, it aims to help them understand the processes of planning economic resources. Main Topics of the Course: Basic Concepts of National Accounts Scientific and Practical Foundations for Designing and Preparing the National Accounts System Concept of Macro Economic Activity Flow Methods of Measuring and Estimating National Income (Income Method - Expenditure Method - Value Added Method - Economic Applications) Foundations of the National Accounts System in Institutions and Organizations National Economic Balance System (Definition of Economic Balance - Classification of Economic Balances) Evaluation and Prices in National Economic Accounts Study of Sectoral Interlinkages Using the Primary Direct Technical Coefficients Matrix Use of Input-Output Tables in Planning Economic Resources

Course Objective: This course aims to introduce students to the basic concepts related to investment and investment projects, provide them with some concepts, terms, and analytical tools used in the field of economic project evaluation, and enable them to understand the importance of economic feasibility studies for investment projects. It also aims to help them understand the foundations and rules of financial and economic evaluation, and the commercial and social profitability of the project. Main Topics of the Course: Concept and Importance of Economic Project Evaluation Concept and Importance of Economic Feasibility Studies - Concept and Objectives of a Project Nature of Investment and Investment Project Stages of Preparing an Economic Feasibility Study - Determining Project Objectives and Selection Criteria Preliminary Feasibility Study Detailed Feasibility Study - Environmental Study - Legal Feasibility Study of the Project Market Study and Demand Estimation Technical Study and Cost Estimation Financial and Funding Study of the Project Financial and Economic Evaluation of the Commercial Profitability of the Project - Evaluation Criteria Under Conditions of Certainty Evaluation Criteria Under Conditions of Uncertainty National Feasibility Study (Social Profitability)

Course Objective: This course aims to introduce students to the concept of economic policy and its relationship with economic theory. It also aims to enable them to study the features of macroeconomic policy according to economic thought schools, provide basic knowledge about the uses of macroeconomic policies in addressing economic distortions, and expand their analytical ability by studying the effects resulting from the use of various economic policy tools. Main Topics of the Course: The Nature of Macroeconomic Policy Macroeconomic Policies According to Schools of Economic Thought Fiscal Policy (Definition - Objectives - Tools and Means - Effects of Using Its Tools - Effectiveness Analysis - Study of Some Models) Monetary Policy (Definition - Objectives - Tools and Means - Effects of Using Its Tools - Use of Its Tools in Treating Inflation and Recession) Trade Policy (Definition - Objectives - Tools and Means - Types - Trade Policy and Treating Balance of Payments Deficit) Economic Policy Models for Economic Reform in the Libyan Economy

Course Objectives: To understand the management of production operations and their nature. To introduce students to the methods used in managing production operations. To understand the analytical aspect of applying these methods in production operations in industrial and service organizations. Course Content: Concept, Importance, and Nature of Production Operations Management Production and Productivity Site Selection Internal Project Design Production Systems Project Organizational Structure Production Process Flowchart Production Operations Schedule Maintenance Operations Management Forecasting Production and Operations Planning and Scheduling Motion Study Quality Management Analysis of Issues Related to Production, Productivity, Production Efficiency, and Production Costs

Course Objective: To introduce students to the meaning of financial statements and their components, and the difference between accrual basis and cash basis accounting when recording various transactions. Additionally, to familiarize students with different types of financial statements such as the balance sheet and cash flow statement, and to introduce the concept of the time value of money and future value, as well as the different items classified under current assets and how to handle inventory pricing. Course Content: Theoretical Framework of Financial Accounting Cash Basis and Accrual Basis Accounting Financial Statements: Income Statement Financial Statements: Balance Sheet and Changes in Equity Statement of Retained Earnings and Cash Flows Time Value of Money: Present Value Time Value of Money: Future Value Cash and Petty Cash Fund Bank Reconciliation Statement Short-term Investments in Stocks and Bonds Accounts Receivable Notes Receivable Inventory Inventory Pricing Methods

Course Objective: The aim of this course is to equip students with the necessary knowledge for the financial function in all its components, helping them understand how to plan and organize financial resources to achieve the institution's goals. This is done through budget analysis and effective financial resource allocation. It explains how decisions related to providing and investing financial resources are made, including the management and investment of these resources, financial forecasting, and learning how to evaluate and analyze the financial performance of institutions and companies using various financial indicators. Course Content: Basic Concepts in Financial Management and the Financial Function, and the Relationship of Financial Management with Other Fields of Knowledge Financial Planning and Control, Obtaining Funds (Financing), Investing Funds (Asset Management) Cash Management (Liquidity) and Its Concept Inflows and Outflows of Cash Revenue-generating Power of the Company (Profitability), Its Definition and Elements Means of Improving Revenue-generating Power Preparation of Financial Statements: Income Statement, Balance Sheet Horizontal and Vertical Analysis of Financial Statements Analysis of Funds Statement (Sources and Uses of Funds), Steps to Prepare the Funds Statement Financial Ratios as a Tool for Financial Analysis, Liquidity Ratios, Activity Ratios, Profitability Ratios Financial Forecasting (Financial Prediction) Working Capital Management (Current Assets) Capital Investment Evaluation, Time Value of Money Methods Budgeting as a Tool for Financial Planning

Course Objectives: To familiarize students with the basic concepts of scientific research, its development, importance, and characteristics. To introduce students to the relationship between knowledge, science, and scientific research, and how to differentiate between them. To explain the objectives of scientific knowledge and the features, characteristics, and steps of scientific research. To develop and enhance students' skills and abilities in scientific thinking, critical analysis, and problem identification. Course Content: Stages and Concept of Scientific Research Selecting a Research Topic and the Purpose of Choosing a Research Problem Objectives of Scientific Research, Characteristics of Good Research, Challenges Faced by Researchers Defining the Problem, How to Choose It, Whether It Has Been Chosen Before, the Researcher's Ability to Tackle It, and Its Suitability for Research Scientific Hypotheses Research Methodologies Data Collection Tools Questionnaire Design, Question Formulation, and Statistical Testing Data Presentation Tools: Tables and Graphical Representations Study Sample and Study Population Writing the Research: Research Structure, Citations, Footnotes, and References Final Training for Researchers on Research Formatting and Finalizing the Research Training Researchers on Discussion Sessions and Preparing Them for the Final Defense in Front of the Examination Committee General Reviews of What Has Been Studied

Course Objectives: To introduce students to quantitative methods in management. To teach students how to formulate linear programming problems and find solutions using the graphical method. To teach students how to formulate linear programming problems and find solutions using the simplex method. To study the transportation method. To classify business network models. Course Content: Introduction to Operations Research Linear Programming: Concepts and Applications of the Graphical Method Linear Programming: Concepts and Applications of the Graphical Method (Continuation) Linear Programming: Using the Simplex Method Linear Programming: Using the Simplex Method (Continuation) Linear Programming: Using the Simplex Method (Continuation) Transportation Problems Transportation Problems (Continuation) Transportation Problems (Continuation) Networks Networks (Continuation) Networks (Continuation) Inventory Models Inventory Models (Continuation)

This course aims to introduce students to the terminology and concepts of Islamic economics. It also enables them to understand the stance of Islamic law on prevailing economic concepts in the field of economics. Furthermore, it equips them to study the methods of transactions in Islamic economics and understand the objectives of Islamic law in economics. The main topics of this course include: Basic concepts of the Islamic economic system The economic problem according to the capitalist and socialist systems The economic problem from an Islamic perspective Rules and characteristics of Islamic economics and their application systems The structure of the economy in the Islamic economic system Characteristics of secular economic thought and the Islamic perspective on them Economic concepts and the extent of their acceptance by Islamic law Economic variables and the stance of Islamic law on them (market, distribution, money, interest) Methods of transactions in Islamic economics (partnership, speculation, sharecropping, profit-sharing, monetization, deferred sale, leasing, advance payment) The objectives of Islamic law in economics

This course aims to introduce students to the conditions of the emergence and development of the Libyan economy and its stages. It also enables them to study the features and goals of Libya's economic policy (from post-independence to the present). Additionally, it equips them to evaluate the previous development plans of the Libyan economy and introduces them to the main economic sectors that make up the Libyan economy. The main topics of this course include: The emergence and characteristics of the Libyan economy before the Italian occupation Characteristics of the Libyan economy during the Italian occupation The Libyan economy before the discovery of oil The Libyan economy after the discovery and production of oil Developments in the monetary unit during the Italian occupation Developments in the monetary unit from independence to the present Economic indicators of the Libyan economy from post-independence to the present Evaluation of the development plans for the Libyan economy Analysis of the contribution of the oil sector to the GDP Analysis of the contribution of other economic sectors to the GDP A forward-looking vision for the Libyan economy (the role of the oil sector in diversifying the Libyan economy)

This course aims to introduce students to the relationship between agricultural economics and other sciences, and to study the importance and economic characteristics of agriculture. It also enables them to study agricultural economic policies and the economy of agricultural commodity markets. Additionally, it aims to familiarize students with agricultural problems, the goal of self-sufficiency, and agricultural financing methods to achieve agricultural development. Furthermore, it introduces them to the economics of agricultural production, criteria for evaluating agricultural labor, and foreign trade of agricultural commodities. The main topics of this course include: Basic concepts of agricultural economics, its importance, and its relationship with other sciences Economic characteristics of agricultural activity Agricultural economic resources Agricultural economic policy Economy of agricultural markets - demand for agricultural products Applications on the supply of agricultural products Economics of agricultural production (production - production function; law of variable proportions (diminishing returns) - production decisions; isoquant curves - substitution and replacement among agricultural production factors; agricultural production costs and returns - maximizing returns and profit) Workforce in the agricultural sector - criteria for evaluating agricultural labor Agricultural economic development - agricultural financing Agricultural problems, food security, and self-sufficiency Foreign agricultural trade

This course aims to introduce students to the fundamental concepts underlying the industry. It also enables them to understand the basics of industrial planning and various manufacturing strategies. Additionally, it acquaints them with the principles of analyzing the behavior and performance of industrial establishments and provides basic knowledge in the field of small industries and their economic importance. The main topics of this course include: Introduction to the concept of industry, its importance, and its emergence in some industrialized countries Historical background on the contributions of the Industrial Revolution to the development of industry Manufacturing and technological and scientific progress Industrial planning Manufacturing strategies Productivity in the industrial sector Analysis of the behavior of industrial establishments Economics of industrial localization The role of the state in manufacturing Manufacturing and capital accumulation The role of small industries in the economy Manufacturing and the Libyan economy

This course aims to introduce students to the characteristics of the oil industry and its importance as an energy source and economic support. It also enables them to understand the various international blocs in the oil industry and their global significance. Additionally, it equips them to study various issues related to oil pricing regulations and achieving stability in global oil markets. Moreover, it familiarizes them with issues of participation, nationalization, and the role of oil in the economic development of producing countries. The main topics of this course include: Oil and its importance as an energy source - the nature and characteristics of the oil industry History of oil discovery and the historical development of crude oil discovery in Arab countries Types of crude oil and their uses Global demand for crude oil and the factors affecting it Factors influencing the determination of global oil supply Oil organizations and their role in achieving market balance Petroleum legislation - oil contracts - concession agreements - participation contracts - oil nationalization Pricing of crude oil before and after the establishment of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) The role of multinational companies in oil markets Oil crises and their impact on the economies of oil-exporting countries Oil production and reserves in Arab and global countries The impact of oil on economic development in exporting countries, with a focus on Libya Oil as the sole energy source - how long will it last and what are the other near-term alternatives

This course aims to introduce students to the general concepts related to tourism economics, enabling them to understand and recognize the economic impacts of tourism activities on the economy. It also acquaints them with aspects of developing and planning the tourism sector and successful international experiences in this field. Additionally, it equips them to understand the reality of the Libyan tourism sector and the main obstacles and challenges it faces. The main topics of this course include: The concept of tourism economics, its emergence, and development Characteristics of tourism activities, their components, economic importance, and relationship with the economy Concepts related to tourism services (the concept of tourism services - clients - consumers - tourism service products) Demand for tourism products Supply of tourism products – tourist attractions Characteristics of the tourism services market Direct and indirect economic impacts of tourism activities on the economy Development and planning of the tourism sector Successful international experiences in achieving tourism development Tourism investment, its importance, and its role in achieving development in communities The reality of the Libyan tourism sector, its components, and tourist attractions Obstacles and challenges facing the Libyan tourism sector Proposed policies and programs for developing the Libyan tourism sector

Objectives of the Course: The course aims to equip students with skills in handling application programs such as word processors, spreadsheets, database management systems, and presentation software. Course Contents: Windows Operating System: Start Menu, running programs from the desktop, and handling through File Explorer Word Processor: files, text entry, text editing, formatting, printing, and saving documents Word Processor: inserting references and bookmarks, generating a table of contents, list of figures, and list of tables Spreadsheets: arithmetic and logical operations using formulas and functions Spreadsheets: representing data with charts and graphs Spreadsheets: using sorting and filtering functions Spreadsheets: adding macros, importing and exporting sheets to and from other programs like Word and Access Database Management Systems (Access): introduction to database management systems, basic concepts of files, fields, records, and keys Database Management Systems (Access): designing forms, formatting fields, and entering data Database Management Systems (Access): designing queries and applying filtering formulas Database Management Systems (Access): designing reports, selecting fields, adding macros, and printing

Objectives of the Course: To understand the different types of commercial businesses and their distinguishing features. To learn the conditions for acquiring the status of a trader. To understand the obligations of a trader. To learn the types of companies, the conditions for establishing a company, and the reasons for company dissolution. Course Contents: Introduction to commercial law, its history, and development Scope of application of commercial law and its sources Defining the legal scope of commercial activities Trader status and profession-specific obligations Definition and types of commercial papers Company contract, its pillars, and characteristics Legal personality of a company and its consequences Reasons for company dissolution Study of specific provisions related to partnerships Study of specific provisions related to corporations

Course Objectives: Understanding human behavior within administrations and organizations. Introducing students to the crucial role psychological factors play in determining and guiding human behavior in administrations and organizations. Learning how to deal with individuals and groups by providing applications of these concepts from the perspective of administrative behavior. Course Content: The concept of behavioral sciences. The concept of behavioral sciences. Behavioral sciences (psychology, sociology, and anthropology). Behavioral sciences (psychology, sociology, and anthropology). Behavioral schools in administration. Behavioral schools in administration. Perception. Motivation. Learning. Attitudes. Personality. Work groups. Leadership and communication. Some human problems resulting from work.

Course Objectives: Introducing students to the basic concepts of marketing. Enabling students to understand the components of the contemporary marketing environment. Introducing students to the tools necessary for market segmentation. Understanding the elements of the market (product, price, distribution, promotion). Course Content: Basic concepts in marketing The marketing system and its overall environment Consumer buying behavior Consumer buying behavior (continuation) Market segmentation Market segmentation (continuation) Products and services Pricing Pricing (continuation) Distribution Distribution (continuation) Promotion Promotion (continuation) Marketing research

Objective of the Course: To introduce students to the concept of long-term investments, the differences between the various accounting methods for them, and the preparation of consolidated financial statements. To familiarize students with long-term and short-term liabilities, owners' equity, the accounting treatment for their different items, and accounting for errors in previous years and changes in the application of accounting policies. Course Contents: Accounting treatment of long-term investments in stocks Accounting treatment of long-term investments in stocks (continuation) Accounting treatment of long-term investments in bonds Accounting treatment of short-term liabilities Accounting treatment of short-term liabilities (continuation) Accounting treatment of long-term liabilities Accounting treatment of long-term liabilities (continuation) Accounting treatment of owners' equity Statement of changes in financial position on a cash basis Statement of changes in financial position based on working capital Accounting for changes in the application of accounting principles Accounting for lease contracts Impact of price changes on financial statements Impact of price changes on financial statements (continuation)

Objective of the Course: Understanding the banking system, how it works, its importance, functions, and objectives. Gaining comprehensive knowledge of the basics of applying strategic management in banks. Understanding the policies related to the allocation of financial resources, liquidity management, and capital management. Understanding and analyzing the basic strategies for managing deposits, loans, and portfolios. Learning about control operations and evaluating the performance of banks. Course Contents: Commercial banks: their nature, importance, and types Financial statements of commercial banks Central banks and monetary policy The relationship between the central bank and commercial banks Strategy for deposit growth Lending policy Investment policy in securities Policy governing portfolio management Control over commercial banks Management and attraction of deposits Financial and intermediary banking institutions

Objective of the Course: To understand the concepts and principles underlying financial markets. To study and analyze financial institutions in terms of their concept, role, characteristics, and types. To recognize the importance of financial markets, especially long-term financial markets. To identify strengths, weaknesses, problems, solutions, and how to develop financial markets. Course Contents: The concept of the financial sector, its importance, and functions The nature, importance, and functions of financial markets Types of financial markets Direct and indirect investment tools in financial markets Intermediary financial institutions Organization and management of capital markets Rules and procedures for dealing in the securities market Financial indicators Analysis of economic conditions and industry conditions Technical analysis: its philosophy and tools

Objectives of the Course: To foster the spirit of initiative in executing business projects. To understand and perform self-assessment of skills. To understand the pillars of business projects. To build a Business Model Canvas. To understand planning and evaluation for a business plan. Course Contents: General introduction to entrepreneurship General introduction to entrepreneurship (continuation) Environmental analysis (design thinking) Identifying customer segments + defining the value proposition (empathy map + value definition) Identifying customer segments + defining the value proposition (empathy map + value definition) (continuation) Building a business model Business strategy Digital marketing Digital marketing (continuation) Human resources and communication Financial and funding planning for projects Business plan Business management and performance evaluation Case studies